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SOC TEST #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the economic ranking of nations? | High-income countries, middle-income countries, and low-income countries. |
| Absolute poverty | Sometimes called extreme poverty: a life-threatening lack of resources |
| What are the 6 different types of slavery? | Descent-based slavery, forced labor imposed by the state, child slavery, debt bondage, servile forms of marriage, and human trafficking |
| Debt bondage (Slavery) | The practice by which an employer pays wages to workers that are less than what the employer charges the workers for company-provided food and housing |
| Forced labor imposed by the state (Slavery) | The government imposes forced labor on people convicted of criminal violations or on others simply because the government needs their labor |
| What are the explanations for global poverty? | Technology, population growth, cultural patterns, social stratification, gender inequality, and global power relationships - (colonization) |
| Neocolonialism | a new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations (neo is Greek for “new”) |
| Multinational corporation: | a large business that operates in many countries. |
| Colonization: | the process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations. |
| Explain the Modernization theory - And what approach does it use? | Structural-functional approach - Explains the development of communities- using technology - It points out that not every society places importance on adopting new technology → it says that tradition is the greatest threat to economic growth |
| Convergence theory | The trend toward global modernization |
| What sociologist discussed the Modernization theory and what were his theories? (4 stages) | Walt Rostow said that modernization happens in 4 stages: Traditional stage, take-off stage, drive to technological maturity and high mass consumption. |
| Explain the Dependency theory (what approach) | Social Conflict Approach Puts the main responsibility for global poverty on rich nations → identifies the destructive cycle of low-income countries relying on high-income countries |
| What did André Gunder Frank argue? | André Gunder Frank argued that the colonial process helped develop rich nations, but also underdeveloped poor societies in a pattern of developmental divergence. |
| What sociologist discussed the Dependency theory and what were his theories? | Immanuel Wallerstein “capitalist world economy.” = World = capitalist |
| How did Wallerstein classify each economic rank? | Rich nations = core of the world economy Low-income countries = the periphery of the world economy. (colonial exploitation) All other countries are the semiperiphery of the world economy. (middle-income countries) |
| According to what sociologist, what 3 factors are involved in the dependency theory? | Wallerstein → The world economy thus makes poor nations dependent on rich ones. This dependency involves three factors: Narrow, export-oriented economies Lack of industrial capacity Foreign debt |
| Gender stratification: | the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women |
| Matriarchy and Patriarchy | Matriarchy: a form of social organization in which females dominate males (rare) Patriarchy: a form of social organization in which males dominate females. |
| Margaret Mead’s Research on Gender | She studied 3 societies and how their gender roles have an impact on their societies in New Guinea - Deborah Gewertz (1981) called Mead’s research “reversal hypothesis,” |
| George Murdock’s Research | Murdock looked into occupational patterns and which genders they usually fall on (hunting- men, caretaking - women) |
| Janet Lever Research | usually children from single-sex friend groups and while the boys play games with a clear victory like team sports girls prefer games that promote interpersonal skills like jumping rope, talking, singing (activities with no clear winner/loser) |
| Comparable worth | Paying people not according to some historical double standard but to the actual level and skill of the employee |
| Richard Gelles ideas | The family is the most violent organization in the United States (excluding the military and police force) → most gender-linked violence happens in the home |
| Structural Functional Theory (Gender) Girls and boys have what qualities? | Gender serves as a means to organize social life. Gender also guides socialization - it teaches boys to be rational, self-assured, and competitive (instrumental qualities) while girls learn emotional responsiveness and sensitivity (expressive qualities) |
| Symbolic-interaction approach (Gender) | focuses on how gender is reflected in face-to-face, everyday interaction (like how women often make more eye contact when talking with someone because it actively shows that you are listening) - Gender is both helpful and harmful |
| Social-Conflict Theory (gender)and what sociologist is associated with this theory? | Friedrich Engels - Gender is a system that provides power and privilege to some and puts others at a disadvantage - gender and how it relates to class inequality |
| Talcott Parsons | observed that gender helps integrate society, in its traditional form - gender forms complementary sets of roles that link women and men into family units and give each sex responsibilities |
| Social distance scale | how closely people are willing to interact with members of some category - Emory Bogardus |
| Name the 4 theories of Prejudice | Scapegoat theory, Authoritarian Personality Theory, Culture Theory, and Conflict Theory |
| Scapegoat theory | prejudice comes from the frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged Example) a woman working for a low wage at a factory might blame her minority co-workers |
| Authoritarian Personality Theory | Extreme prejudice is a personality trait of certain individuals → In the same way, someone who is less prejudiced towards one group is most likely accepting of all |
| Culture Theory | Everyone has at least a little bit of prejudice in them because it is a part of the culture which we all live and learn in |
| Conflict Theory | prejudice is used as a tool by powerful people to oppress other Example) Paying immigrants lower wages for longer hours of hard work |
| Thomas theorem | Prejudice and discrimination reinforce each other → “Situations that are defined as real become real in their consequences” |
| Shelby Steele (1990) | minorities themselves encourage race consciousness to win greater power and privileges → Steele says that affirmative action can spark a backlash from white people who see it as “special treatment” |
| Pluralism | a state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing. → People who are different but share resources equally |
| Assimilation | the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture. |
| Miscegenation | biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories |
| In what 5 ways did the Industrial Revolution change the economy? | 1. New sources of technology 2. Centralization of work in factories 3. Manufacturing and mass production 4. Specialization 5. Wage labor |
| Postindustrial economy | a productive system based on service work and high technology. Marks the shift from industrial work to service work |
| Primary sector | Draws raw materials from the natural environment → low-income countries Ex) agriculture, raising animals, fishing, and mining |
| Secondary sector | Transforms raw materials into manufactured goods. Ex) Factories, places where they can turn oil into petrol |
| Tertiary sector | The part of the economy that involves services rather than goods. Ex) clerical jobs, sales, law, health care, law enforcement |
| What are the 5 major consequences of the global economy? | Global division of labor, Products pass through or involve more than one nation, National governments no longer control the economic activity, Small number of businesses control Concerns about the rights and opportunities of workers |
| Capitalism | an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned. Has 3 features → Private ownership of property, the pursuit of personal profit, and competition and consumer choice |
| Adam Smith | “invisible hand” that competitive societies are governed by- he claimed that as individuals pursue their self-interest, the entire society prospers |
| Socialism: | an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned. |
| Welfare capitalism | an economic and political system (common in Western Europe) that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs. (Ex- Sweden, Denmark, and Italy) |
| State capitalism | an economic and political system (found in Japan and Singapore) in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with the government. |
| Conglomerate | a giant corporation composed of many smaller corporations Ex) PepsiCo owns Pepsi-Cola, Frito-Lay, Gatorade, Tropicana, Pure Leaf Tea |
| Monopoly | the domination of a market by a single producer (PG&E in SF) - illegal |
| Oligopoly | the domination of a market by a few producers- both legal and common |
| Power and Max Weber | the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others. Weber believed that preindustrial societies rely on traditional authority |
| Authority | Power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive. |
| Traditional authority | power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns. (Woven into a society’s collective memory) → related to family |
| Rational-legal authority | bureaucratic authority) is power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations. |
| Charismatic authority | power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience (Ex- Gandhi or MLK) |
| Routinization of charisma | the transformation of charismatic authority into some combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority. |
| The Pluralist Model (what apporach?) | The People Rule - Structural-functional sees power as spread among many competing interest groups → People are equally able to make their interests known and have equal access to power |
| Welfare state | A system of government agencies and programs that provides benefits to the population. (U.S.) |
| The Power-Elite Model - What sociologist and approach is associated with this model? | A Few People Rule - C. Wright Mills - Social-conflict It sees power as concentrated among the rich →3 major sectors: economy, military, and government |
| The Marxist Model (what approach?) | The Capitalist System Rules - Social-conflict explains politics in terms of the operation of a society’s economic system. → Society’s economic system shapes its political system |
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haleyr28
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