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SCI 220 Set 2
SCI 220 StudyStack Set 2 Weeks 6-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The biceps brachii has this fascicle arrangement, which maximizes the range of motion possible. | parallel |
| An example of a muscle with this type of fascicle arrangement is the orbicularis oris. | circular |
| This arrangement of muscle fascicles tends to be triangular in shape. The Pectoralis major is an example of a muscle with this type of muscle fascicle arrangement. | convergent |
| A muscle with fascicles that insert into the tendon from both sides is categorized as | bipennate |
| The innermost muscle of the abdominal wall is the | transverse abdominis. |
| Muscles with this type of muscle fascicle arrangement are either fusiform or straplike in appearance. | parallel |
| The muscle that helps hold the scapula against the thorax and is useful in pushing or punching movements is the | serratus anterior. |
| The common tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus is called the | calcaneal tendon. |
| The muscle fascicle arrangement for Orbicularis oris is best characterized as | circular |
| The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle and is outside the epimysium and tendon is called the | fascia |
| The long axes of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle is a description of this type of fascicle arrangement. | parallel |
| The individual muscle fibers are covered by a connective tissue membrane called the | endomysium |
| The term _____ is used to describe a muscle that directly performs a specific movement. | agonist |
| The point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts is the | origin |
| Muscles that move the forearm include which of the following? | brachioradialis, pronator trees, biceps brachii |
| Muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers can be | extrinsic or intrinsic |
| A muscle with fascicles that insert into only one side of the tendon is categorized as | unipennate |
| In addition to the Pectoralis major, another muscle that displays this pattern of fascicle arrangement is Latissimus dorsi. | convergent |
| The Sartorius muscle, a thin straplike muscle would have muscle fascicles arranged in | parallel |
| T/F Most muscles span a joint. | True |
| The muscle that extends and adducts the arm is the: | latissimus dorsi. |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which of the following terms might be part of its name? | Rectus and Femoris |
| T/F Movement is one of the most distinctive and easily observed “characteristics of life.” | True |
| Another name for a sphincter muscle is a _____ muscle. | circular |
| A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. Its function or action is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as the: | prime mover |
| A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. Its function or action is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as the: | points of attachment |
| The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the: | triceps brachii |
| Which of the following is not a muscle of the quadriceps femoris group? | biceps femoris |
| The action of the brachialis muscle is to _____ the forearm. | flex |
| Poor posture puts abnormal strain on bones and may eventually produce deformities. | True |
| Skeletal muscles constitute approximately ____ of our body weight. | 50% |
| Skeletal muscles constitute approximately ____ of our body weight. | teres minor |
| Skeletal muscles constitute approximately ____ of our body weight. | trapezius |
| T/F There are more than 600 muscles in the body. | True |
| In pushing (pressing) a weight from shoulder height to above the head, which of the following muscles is least utilized? | biceps brachii |
| In pushing (pressing) a weight from shoulder height to above the head, which of the following muscles is least utilized? | third |
| The prime mover can also be called the: | agonist |
| The prime mover can also be called the: | convergent |
| The flexor muscles that move the fingers are mostly located on the: | anterior medial surface of the forearm. |
| Which of the following muscles has fibers on a transverse plane? | Transverse abdominis |
| Groups of skeletal muscle fibers are bound together by a connective tissue envelope called the: | perimysium |
| The muscle that allows the thumb to be drawn across the palm to touch the tip of any finger is the: | opponens pollicis. |
| T/F The Achilles tendon is common to both the gastrocnemius and the soleus. | True |
| Which of the following statements about the muscles of the thorax is incorrect? | When the diaphragm contracts, it decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and expels air from the lungs. |
| All of the following muscles are part of the rotator cuff muscles except the: | deltoid |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the thigh? | Sacrospinalis |
| Muscles located on the lower leg move the: | foot |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Which of the following is true? | The knee is acting as a fulcrum. |
| Muscles may be named according to: | function. direction of fibers. points of attachment. |
| What structure of the Schwann cell is essential to normal nerve growth and the regeneration of injured nerve fibers? | neurilemma |
| The _____ nervous system is a complex network of nerve pathways embedded in the intestinal wall with a network of integrators and feedback loops that can act somewhat independently. | enteric |
| Which of the following is not a structural classification of neurons? | polar |
| The glia cells that help form the blood-brain barrier are the | astrocytes |
| Neurons have | very limited capacity to repair themselves. |
| The somatic nervous system carries information to the | skeletal muscles. |
| This is the site of communication between neurons. | synapse |
| What term describes the bundles of nerve fibers within the central nervous system? | tracts |
| A signal conduction route to and from the central nervous system is a(n) | reflex arc. |
| Bundles of myelinated fibers make up the | white matter of the nervous system. |
| Nerves that originate from the brain are called _____ nerves. | cranial |
| This tends to be the longest cytoplasmic projection from a neuron. | axon |
| Excitable cells that conduct the impulses are called | neurons |
| Which of these glia cells are located in the peripheral nervous system? | Schwann cells |
| The structural and functional center of the entire nervous system is the _____ nervous system. | central |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the __________ divisions. | parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| These regions of the neuron direct electrical currents toward the cell body. | dendrite |
| The _____ of a neuron is a single process that usually extends from a tapered portion of the cell body. | axon |
| The ________ of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron. | axon terminal |
| Chemical signals diffuse between neurons at this location. | synapse |
| The white matter of the nervous system is made up of: | myelinated fibers. |
| Which of the following is the deepest connective tissue layer of a nerve? | Endoneurium |
| Regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is intact and the fibers have: | a neurilemma. |
| Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? | Dopamine |
| One of the components of the blood-brain barrier is: | astrocytes. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the central nervous system (CNS)? | Integrating sensory information Evaluating the information Initiating an outgoing response |
| A neuron that has only one axon but several dendrites is classified as a _____ neuron. | multipolar |
| Small distinct regions of gray matter in the CNS are called: | nuclei |
| Neurons in the CNS have less chance of regenerating for all of the following reasons except: | microglia lay down scar tissue. |
| In the human nervous system: | there are almost equal numbers of glia cells and neurons. |
| Dendrites conduct impulses _____ cell bodies. | toward |
| Nerves that contain mostly afferent fibers are called _____ nerves. | sensory |
| Which is not true of the myelin sheath? | It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord. |
| Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord consists primarily of: | cell bodies. |
| T/F The lymphatic system, like the circulatory system, is a closed circuit. | True |
| Multipolar neurons have: | multiple dendrites and one axon. |
| The part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle is the: | somatic nervous system. |
| The largest and most numerous types of neuroglia are the: | astrocytes. |
| The nervous system is organized to do which of the following? | Detect changes in the external environment. Detect changes in the internal environment. Evaluate changes in the environment. |
| Interneurons reside in the: | CNS only. |
| Most unipolar neurons are usually: | sensory neurons. |
| The autonomic nervous system does not stimulate: | skeletal muscles. |
| Astrocytes attach to: | Neurons and blood vessels |
| A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n): | sensory neuron. |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: | carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. |
| Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is: | dendrite, cell body, and axon. |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system consist of the ________ nervous systems. | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Which is true of a reflex arc? | It always consists of an afferent neuron and an efferent neuron. |
| The nervous system can be divided: | according to its structure. according to direction of information flow. by control of effectors. |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: | perineurium |
| A subdivision of the nervous system that regulates involuntary effectors is the _____ nervous system. | autonomic |
| The large fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called the | ventricles |
| The dorsal root of each spinal nerve is easily recognized as a swelling called the | dorsal root ganglion. |
| If you trace the axon inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber branches along which pathway? | synapses with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron sends ascending or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia passes through one or more ganglia without synapsing |
| The three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the | medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons. |
| The two efferent divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the | sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. |
| The enteric nervous system is made up of a complex network of nerve plexuses that control the visceral effectors in the | intestinal wall. |
| Individual nerves that emerge from the _____ plexus innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm. | brachial |
| The inner protective covering of the brain is called the | meninges |
| The ventral rami of most spinal nerves subdivide to form complex networks called | plexuses |
| Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the | gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord. |
| Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurs in the | choroid plexus. |
| Spinal cord tracts provide conduction paths to and from the brain. The tracts that conduct sensory impulses down the cord from the brain are called _____ tracts. | descending |
| The lower end of the spinal cord, with its attached spinal nerve roots, gives the appearance of a horse’s tail called the | cauda equina. |
| T/F The autonomic nervous system includes only efferent neurons. | False |
| Nerve fibers of the spinothalamic tract are: | sensory |
| The cervical plexus: | is found deep in the neck. is formed by the ventral rami of the first four cervical nerves and part of C5. includes the phrenic nerve. |
| Which of the following is a correct statement? | There are 5 lumbar nerve pairs. |
| All of the following are characteristics of sympathetic preganglionic neurons except: | they have long fibers from CNS to ganglion. |
| The spinal ganglion can be found on the _____ of the spinal nerve. | dorsal nerve root |
| Spinal nerves are _____ fibers. | motor and sensory |
| The part(s) of the cerebrum associated with anger, fear, and sorrow is (are) the: | limbic system. |
| T/F All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS. | False |
| All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS. | femoral |
| The brain has _____ major divisions. | six |
| Small branches from the cervical plexus join which two cranial nerves? | Hypoglossal and accessory |
| The sensory cranial nerves include only the: | olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear. |
| Which of the following is not a branch of the trigeminal nerve? | Zygomatic nerve |
| All of the following cranial nerves have a functional classification of motor except: | vestibulocochlear |
| T/F All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS. | False |
| T/F Some parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in nuclei in the brainstem. | False |
| T/F Sensory neurons can operate in autonomic reflex arcs. | True |
| A patient complains of numbness in the skin of the buttocks and the posterior surface of the thigh and leg. The spinal nerve or peripheral branch most likely involved with this condition is the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| The nerve commonly called the vagus nerve is the _____ cranial. | tenth |
| T/F Visceral effectors are innervated by sympathetic fibers. | True |
| Which part of the vertebral column has one more pair of nerves coming from it than it has vertebrae? | Cervical |
| The pyramids are formed in the: | medulla |
| Which plexus contains nerves that innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm? | brachial |
| Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in: | nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord. |
| The peripheral nervous system includes: | only cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their branches. |
| Which of the following is not true of the lateral corticospinal tract fibers? | Most inhibit the lower motor neuron. |
| The spinal tract is located on the side of the cord, originates in the brain, and terminates in the spinal cord in the _____ tract. | lateral corticospinal |
| The phrenic nerve is found in the _____ plexus. | cervical |
| The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bone is the: | dura mater |
| Membrane attached to the stapes. | oval window |
| Gustatory cells are located in all of the following areas except | on the apical surface of vallate papillae on the tongue. |
| Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months? | thyroid |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. | adrenal gland |
| Transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid. | conjunctiva |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule | vestibule |
| Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity in children. | calcitonin |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. | glucocorticoids |
| Endolymph is made | in the stria vascularis. |
| The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the | infundibulum |
| Fluid filling the posterior segment of the eye. | vitreous humor |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. | zona reticularis |
| Gel-like structure embedded with the tips of cochlear hair cells. | tectorial membrane |
| Melanin-containing layer of the eye's vascular tunic. | choroid |
| Which of the following is not part of the flow of taste sensation along the gustatory pathway to the cerebral cortex? | hypothalamic appetite centers |
| The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as | infundibulum |
| The basilar membrane supports the | spiral organ. |
| Receptors for hearing are located in the | cochlear duct. |
| Largest purely endocrine gland in the body. | thyroid gland |
| Which of the following areas has the highest concentration of cones? | the fovea centralis |
| The hormone produced by the heart | increases the excretion of sodium in the urine. |
| Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? | iodine |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | thyroid and parathyroids |
| Which of the following statements does not correctly describe the spiral organ of Corti? | The tectorial membrane bends with vibrations, whereas the basilar membrane is rigid and fixed. |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the | facial |
| Endolymph-filled structure containing receptors for hearing. | cochlear duct |
| Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin. | beta cells |
| Transparent structure of the eye containing regularly aligned collagen fibers. | cornea |
| Region of the hypophysis that contains secretory endocrine cells derived from the oral ectoderm. | adenohypophysis |
| Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function. | thymus gland |
| The vagus is said to act as a “brake” on the heart. This situation is called | vagal inhibition |
| Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart? | blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called | perfusion pressure |
| Factors that affect the strength of myocardial contraction are called | inotropic factors |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers. |
| The structural components of the circulatory system include the: | heart and blood vessels |
| During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs? | foramen ovale |
| The normal ECG is composed of all of the following except a | E wave |
| Which layer of the larger blood vessels is made up of endothelium? | tunica intima |
| The _____ is(are) supplied with blood from the left subclavian artery. | head and upper extremeties |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | lymphocytes |
| Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood? | plasma |
| A graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity is a(n) | ECG |
| Blood flow from the heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body and back to the heart is referred to as _____ circulation. | systemic |
| The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is | hemoglobin |
| The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called | semilunar valves |
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system sends fibers to the heart? | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac called the | pericardium |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | hematocrit |
| Renal veins drain blood from the | kidneys |
| Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called | valves |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins. | pumping chambers |
| From which vessels do myocardial cells receive blood? | coronary arteries |
| The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the | pelvis |
| The _____ drains much of the superficial leg and foot. | great saphenous vein |
| Microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins are | capillaries |
| Which mature cell has no nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes? | erythrocyte |
| In _____, blood moves from veins to other veins or arteries to other arteries without passing through an intervening capillary network. | vascular anastomoses |
| After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it enters the ` | left atrium |
| The air-containing spaces that open, or drain, into the nasal cavity are called | paranasal sinuses |
| The cisterna chyli: | originates in the thoracic duct |
| Which of the following is not a lymph organ? | pancreas |
| The lymph nodes located just above the bend of the elbow are called the _____ lymph nodes. | supratrochlear |
| Lymph capillaries called lacteals are located in the: | small intestine |
| The breast—the mammary gland and surrounding tissue—is drained by the: | lymphatics that originate in and drain the skin over the breast with the exception of the areola and nipple. lymphatics that originate in and drain the substance of the breast itself, as well as the skin of the areola and nipple. |
| The lymph nodes located in the groin are called the: | inguinal lymph nodes. |
| The main difference between the composition of lymph and interstitial fluid and the composition of plasma is the _____ percentage of _____ in lymph and interstitial fluid. | lower; proteins |
| Which substance can destroy pathogens by lowering the pH to a level at which they cannot function? | hydrochloric acid |
| The tonsils located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity are called the _____ tonsils. | pharyngeal |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| Which of the following is a true statement? | Lymph from the entire body, except the upper right quadrant, drains eventually into the thoracic duct. |
| Interferon inhibits the spread of: | viruses and cancer |
| An infection in the thumb may result in enlargement of the _____ nodes. | superficial cubital |
| Lymphatics resemble veins except that lymphatics: | have thinner walls. contain more valves. contain lymph nodes located at certain intervals along their course. |
| Lacteals: | are the lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines. are able to absorb fat from the digestive system. |
| The spleen is located in the _____ region. | left hypochondriac |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center |
| T/F The lymphatic system, like the circulatory system, is a closed circuit. | True |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. | skin |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | tonsils |
| Antibodies are proteins of the family called | immunoglobulins |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus |
| Lymph ducts empty into the circulatory system, draining into the: | subclavian veins |
| About half of the lymph flowing through the thoracic duct comes from the: | liver and spleen |
| The size of lymph nodes varies from _____ mm to more than _____ mm in diameter. | 1; 20 |
| The type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as “not self” is called: | nonspecific immunity |
| A type of blood cell produced by lymph nodes is called a(n) | monocyte |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| Hassall corpuscles are part of the: | thymus |
| The air-containing spaces that open, or drain, into the nasal cavity are called | paranasal sinuses |
| Which organ consists largely of cartilages that are attached to one another and to surrounding structures by muscles or fibrous and elastic tissue components? | larynx |
| The roof of the nose is separated from the cranial cavity by a portion of the ethmoid bone called the | cribriform plate |
| Gas exchange occurs only in the | alveoli |
| The surface of the respiratory membrane inside each alveolus is coated with a fluid containing | surfactant |
| The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs make up the | lower respiratory tract |
| A common condition characterized by acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree is | acute bronchitis |
| If you were to trace the movement of air through the nose into the pharynx, it would pass through the following structures in which order? | anterior nares, vestibule, meatus, and posterior nares |
| During respiration, the thorax | becomes larger when the chest is raised. |
| An inflammation of the lower respiratory tract that involves the airways of the lungs is called | pneumonia |
| The microscopic cilia function to | move mucus toward the pharynx. |
| The _____ of each lung lies against the ribs and is rounded to match the contours of the thoracic cavity. | costal surface |
| The vibrissae function as | filters |
| The trachea divides at its lower end into two | primary bronchi |
| The small leaf-shaped cartilage that projects upward behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the | epiglottis |
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