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Substances (JC 8)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mixtures | Any combination of two or more elements or compounds, where the substances are not chemically bonded together |
| Molecules | Cluster of two or more atoms chemically bonded |
| Monatomic Elements | Many individual atoms making up an element. It it very rare only having 6 naturally occurring elements which are Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, xenon and radon, these elements are all non-metallic gases. |
| Molecular Elements | All molecules are identical, same size, shape, number and type of atoms. Examples are Nitrogen, Sulfur and Phosphorus. |
| Crystal Lattice | Large grid like structures repeating the same arrangement of atoms (like a net). Examples include all metallic elements, silicon and carbon |
| Components Of A Solution | Solutes is what is being dissolved and the solvent is what the substance is dissolving in. |
| Aqueous Solutions | A solution in which a substance is dissolved in water |
| Alloys | Mixture of metals with other metals or non-metals. They are very important because depending on the metals being mixed they give different properties such as less rusting. |
| Properties Of Minerals | A chemical substance which is a naturally occurring solid arranged in a crystal lattice. Many can dissolve in water. They can be identified by their hardness, lustre, colour, streak colour and flame colour |
| Hardness | A property of minerals which can be used identify different minerals. Assessed on what minerals can scratch an unknown mineral and which minerals can be scratched by the unknown mineral |
| Lustre | A property of minerals which can be used identify different minerals. Assessed on how shiny a mineral is. Some categories are glassy, waxy, metallic and dull. |
| Streak Colour | A property of minerals which can be used identify different minerals. Assessed on the colour left behind when you try to scratch an unglazed white tile with the mineral. The streak is often different from the colour of the mineral. |
| Flame Colour/Flame Tests | A property of minerals which can be used identify different minerals. Assessed by the minerals first being ground into powders or dissolved which is then put into a hot flame. The mineral glows and gives the flame a characteristic colour. |
| Changes Of State | When the temperature decreases: Gas condensates into a liquid which then frozen into a solid Or the gas can deposited to a solid When the temperature increases: A solid melts into a liquid then evaporated to a gas Or the solid can sublimate to a gas |
| Indicators That A Chemical Reaction/Change Has Occurred | If a new substance has been produced, then it has occurred. Other signs that are -change in colour -gas being produced or smelled -new solid produced (called precipitate) -change in temperature or a flash/glow of light |
| Ores | Rocks that contain valuable minerals like iron and copper. All ores are minerals stuck in rock. Sometimes the whole mineral is extracted from the ore and used. At other times, the metallic elements needs to be extracted from its compound with the ore. |
| Properties Of Solids | Stronger attraction between the particles which vibrate on the spot. |
| Properties Of Liquids | Weaker attraction between the particles which are free flowing. |
| Properties Of Gas | No attraction at all between the particles which are free to move. |
| Particle Model | When the temperature goes up the particles tend to vibrate faster which causes change of state and the same goes for when the temperature decreases except the particles get slower and vibrate less |
| Diffusion | When a substance spreads itself evenly throughout a container or room without stirring . For example when a bottle of perfume is opened on one side of a room the perfume particles will diffuse through the air particles so it can smelled on the other side. |
| Reactions | The process of combining two substances and making a new substance. For example Magnesium + Oxygen=Magnesium Oxide. Reactants (Old Substances): Magnesium + Oxygen Products (New Substances): Magnesium Oxide |
| Combustion | Any chemical reaction that involves burning with oxygen to release light and heat. Sometimes combustion releases so much energy that an explosion occurs. |
| Photosynthesis | The process a plant uses to convert sunlight into water and food |
| Inflammable/flammable | Examples of substances: Wood, petrol, kerosene, diesel Examples of a non substances: Water, nitrogen, brick, glass, blocks of common metals |
| Mohs Scale | Used to assess hardness by testing what can scratch what and what can be scratched by what. The scale uses a range of commonly available materials to compare hardness which are marked by numbers to tell how hard something is. |
| Cellular Chemical Formula For Respiration | A chemical reaction that converts oxygen (from breathing) and glucose (from eating) into carbon dioxide and water vapour while releasing energy. This formula is opposite to photosynthesis |
| Corrosion | A chemical reaction that can cause damage to metals. For example iron and steel have chemical properties that cause them to slowly react with water and the oxygen gas in air. The product is iron oxide or more commonly known as rust. |
| What Will Effect Diffusion | Diffusion is faster with higher temperature or gusts of wind or movements in the air caused by differences in temperature. Diffusions in liquids are slower because the liquid particles are packed closer. |
| What is the term for how we group characteristics of a substance | NOT CHARACTERISTICS Properties? Physical Properties? Chemical Properties? |
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