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Neuroplasticity
MC&L
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to Lundy-Ekman, what is Neuroplasticity? | ability of neurons to change their function, chemical profile or structure, retained more than a few seconds |
| 3 components of neuroplasticity? | 1. Habituation and Sensitization 2. Learning and memory 3. Cellular recovery after injury |
| what do persisting changes in synaptic efficiency result in? | changes in synaptic connections |
| what is neuroplasticity? | general term describing the nervous system's ability to adapt and change |
| What are the levels on which neuroplasticity occurs? | physiology anatomical morphology behavior |
| What term described the increase in synaptic efficiency? | long term potentiation |
| how does neuronal morphology change with neuroplasticity? | dendritic branching |
| What does a MEG (magnetoencephalography) measure? | uses magnetic fields to measure neuronal activity |
| What does a PET (positive emission tomography) scan measure? | uses radioisotopes to track the metabolic activity of the brain |
| What does a fMRI (functional MRI) measure? | tracks OXYGENATED blood flow in the brain |
| 3 phases of experience-dependent plasticity | 1. motor skill learning acquisition 2. neuronal-level changes 3. greater amounts of cortex dedicated to that skill |
| 3 ways neuronal-level changes are seen | 1. synaptogenesis 2. dendritic spine growth 3. axon arborization |
| during gestation, what occurs in the genesis of neurons? | cell proliferation, migration, differentiation |
| during gestation, what occurs in the genesis of connections? | axonal growth dendritic arbor formation neurotransmitter synthesis synaptogenesis |
| during gestation, what occurs in response to competition for trophic factors? | programmed cell death retraction of projections |
| what are trophic factors? | neurotrophins (NGF - nerve growth factor) life sustaining substance |
| function of neurotrophins | save neuros by switching off genetic program |
| where is polyneuronal innervation seen? | in immature muscle |
| what happens to muscle innervation as maturation occurs? | one alpha motor neuron innervates one muscle fiber (less fibers innervated per AMN) |
| What are the two concepts involved with synaptic rearrangement? | synaptic segregation synaptic convergence |
| what is synaptic segregation? | synaptic stabilization critical time period: neurons firing together strengthens function |
| what is synaptic convergence? | convergence of input critical time period: visual environment influences development |
| mechanisms of synaptic rearrangement | synaptic competition modulatory influences |
| main difference between developmental and adult plasticity | during development: (faster) global and dramatic change in adulthood: (slower) changes in synaptic strength |
| similarities between developmental and adult learning | activity dependent mechanisms competition for synaptic sites |
| How does competition for synaptic sites produce different outcomes in development versus adulthood? | dev: determines survival of connection adults: strengthens synapse |
| What is Hebb's Hypothesis regarding the rules of synaptic plasticity? | Neurons that fire together, wire together Neurons that fire out of sync lose their link |
| effect of phosphorylation of proteins in synaptic neurons | changes the synaptic effectiveness |
| T/F - Late long term potentiation is tied to molecular changes. | true |
| What is Plasticity and Learning according to Schumway and Woolacott? | Transient and long term modulation of synapses |
| Repetition of a Stimulus and Intensity of a stimulus are factors in what processes? | Habituation and Sensitization |
| Describe Associative Learning | Classical & Operant Conditioning LTP |
| Describe Procedural Learning | More complex Trial and error learning |
| input from mossy fibers carry | kinesthetic information |
| input from climbing fibers carry | error signals |
| Neural structures involved in explicit learning | FAHHM! F - frontal lobe A - anterior cingulate gyrus H - hippocampus H - head of caudate M - medial temporal lobe |
| Lesions in the frontal lobe, anterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, head of caudate, or medial temporal lobe cause - | impairments in declarative learning |
| what is a memory engram? | widely distributed groups of neurons comprised of smaller functional groups |
| Goal of Procedural Learning | Implicit/Explicit Learning to Knowledge |
| Early Procedural Learning | Decrease in rxn times, increase in cortical maps |
| Middle procedural learning | improved performance, increase in cortical maps |
| Late procedural learning | knows sequence and performance improves. cortical maps go back to baseline |
Created by:
rhumes
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