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Motor Learning 1
MC&L
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are different ways of looking at motor behavior? | motor control, motor development, motor learning, motor recovery |
| what is motor control? | the process wherein behavior is organized, produced and modulated |
| what is motor development? | process of age-related change in motor behavior |
| what is motor learning? | process of acquiring a capacity for skilled action |
| what is motor recovery? | process of relearning a skill lost due to injury |
| timescale of motor control | miliseconds |
| timescale of motor learning | hours, days, weeks |
| timescale of motor development | months, years, decades |
| describe retention vs. generalizability | retention refers to a task being able to be completed after an extended break of not performing the task. generalizability = task performance w/ diff initial conditions. |
| Basic elements of Schmidt's Definition of motor learning: | -learning depends on practice or experience - relatively permanent change -learning is observed not measured - production of skilled action |
| According to Newell, what are task solutions? | new ways of perceiving and acting (performing tasks in complex environments) |
| What is the power law of practice? | early in learning, improvements made faster, later in learning, improvements made slower. |
| what type of feedback is needed for learning | intrinsic and extrinsic |
| what is motor performance? | observable behavior attributable to learning |
| what is a skill as a task? | an action that has a goal. This goal can be achieved in various ways |
| what is a discrete skill? | task with a defined beginning and end |
| what is a serial skill? | a task that is comprised of several discrete skills |
| what is a continuous skill? | a cyclical task that doesn't have a clear beginning or end |
| what is a cognitive skill? | skill high on perception, knowledge or strategy |
| what is a motor skill? | skill high on performance elements |
| what is a closed skill? | skill in a predictable environment |
| what is an open skill? | skill done in an unpredictable environment |
| what is a a skill as a proficiency? | refers to the quality/accuracy of the action being performed |
| What are Guthrie's 3 characteristics? | Guthrie CET Consistency - reliability of outcome Efficiency - min energy expenditure Timing - min movement time |
| What are the two forms of long term memory? | Implicit and explicit |
| What is implicit memory? | nondeclarative memory including: -non-associative learning -associative learning -procedural skills & habits |
| What is explicit memory? | declarative memory: recalling facts and events |
| Which cortical areas are responsible for explicit memory? | medial temporal lobes sensory association cortex hippocampus (otherwise it becomes MSH!) |
| what 3 qualities are required for declarative memory? | attention awareness reflection |
| What are the two ways non-associative learning is facilitated? | Habituation & sensitization |
| What is habituation? | decreased responsiveness due to repeated exposure to a stimulus |
| What is sensitization | increased responsiveness following a noxious stimulus |
| what is classical conditioning? | learning to pair two stimuli eg. Pavlov's dogs |
| what is operant conditioning? | learning to associate behavior with consequence. eg. teaching dog to sit for treat |
| which type on implicit memory is frequently used in rehab training? | procedural skills and habits eg. sit to stand from different surfaces |
| benefit of implicit learning? | allows for learning to occur without increased attentional demand |
| Three stages of info processing before response | 1. stimulus identification 2. Response Selection 3. Response Programming |
| What is reaction time? | begins at stimulus onset, ends when action begins |
| What does Adams' theory propose? | 2 memory states are needed to detect errors accuracy and repetition are important for refinement of skil |
| What is a perpetual trace according to Adams' theory? | Repeated trials of a movement result in formation of reference of correctness (knowledge of results) |
| which brain region assesses a perceptual trace? | Cerebellum (great comparator) |
| what is controlled processing | corrections occurring during slow movement |
| Relationship between accuracy of performance and perceptual trace | directly proportional |
| what is closed loop learning theory | learning that occurs during slow movement |
| limitations of closed loop learning theory? | not useful for rapid tasks |
| Main characteristic of Schmidt's schema theory? | accounts for learning and control of rapid skills |
| 4 Items of Schmidt's Schema Theory | 1. Initial movement conditions 2. Parameters used in the generalized motor program 3. KR (knowledge of results) 4. Sensory consequences of how it looked/felt |
| Two memory structures proposed by Schmidt's Schema Theory | 1. Recall schema (motor) 2. Recognition schema (sensory) |
| What is a recall schema? | r/s b/w parameters assigned to a motor program and the outcome produced. eg. recall memory to produce similar movement |
| What is a recognition schema? | r/s b/w initial conditions, outcomes and sensory consequences "how did that make you feel?" similar to perceptual trace |
| How are rules formed according to Schema Theory? | 1. differing parameters 2. differing sensory consequences 3. differing initial conditions |
| Optimal learning occurs during practice ______ | under variable conditions. |
| How does practicing under variable conditions help learning? | Recognition schema created through assessing initial conditions and consequences |
| advantages of schema theory | explains how we can perform tasks in new environments |
| disadvatages of schema theory | cannot explain the first performance of a task WRONGLY suggests that KR after every trial would strengthen learning |
| What does Newell's Ecological Theory posit? | that optimal solutions explore all perceptual cues and movement possibilities to select the most relevant or optimal/efficient one respectively. |
| What does Newell's Ecological Theory propose regarding memory structures ? | proposes fewer memory structures understanding perceptual motor or task workspace rather than learning rules and attending to feedback. |
Created by:
rhumes
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