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Psych Vocab 9-12
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Classical conditioning | a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus |
Neutral stimulus | a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response |
Unconditioned stimulus | an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training |
Unconditioned response | an organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus |
Conditioned stimulus | a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
Conditioned response | the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus |
Generalization | responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli |
Discrimination | the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli |
Extinction | the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus |
Operant conditioning | learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence |
Reinforcement | stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
Secondary reinforcer | stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer |
Primary reinforcer | stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water |
Shaping | technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward |
Response chain | learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next |
Aversive control | process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli |
Negative reinforcement | increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs |
Escape conditioning | training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus |
Avoidance conditioning | training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus |
Social learning | process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others |
Cognitive learning | form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation |
Cognitive map | a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events |
Latent learning | alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior |
Learned helplessness | condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable |
Modeling | learning by imitating others; copying behavior |
Token economy | conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards |
Motivation | an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal |
Instincts | innate tendencies that determine behavior |
Drive | a state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal |
Homeostasis | the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state |
Incentive | an external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior |
Extrinsic motivation | engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives |
Intrinsic motivation | engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations |
Lateral hypothalamus (LH) | the part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals |
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) | the part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating |
Fundamental needs | biological drives that must be satisfied to maintain life |
Psychological needs | the urge to belong and to give and receive love, and the urge to acquire esteem |
Self-actualization needs | the pursuit of knowledge and beauty or whatever else is required for the realization of one’s unique potential |
Emotion | a set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior |