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Unit 5/6 APWH Vocab
Topics: Industrialization, Imperialism, enlightenment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Enlightenment | A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. |
| Natural Rights | rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual |
| Nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country; it further aims to build and maintain a single national identity—based on shared social characteristics |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, a famous feminist document in 1792 |
| Suffrage | The right to vote in political elections |
| Declaration of Independence | 1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain. |
| DOROMAC | Adopted August 26, 1789, statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. |
| Jamaica Letter | A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela |
| Simon Bolivar | The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. |
| Toussaint L’Ouverture | Was an important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti |
| Peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class in Latin America since they were the least likely to have "tainted bloodlines" |
| Creoles | Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status. |
| Industrial Revolution | A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in England c. 1750 |
| Factory System | A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; |
| Steam Engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. |
| 2nd Industrial Revolution | (1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing |
| Meiji Restoration | In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and Westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate |
| Working Class | Lower class created during the 18th century with the onset of the Industrial Revolution; often experienced poor living and working conditions |
| Middle Class | A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers |
| Urbanization | An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in cities as opposed to the countryside. |
| Capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state |
| Communism | a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs |
| Unions | An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members |
| Self Strengthening Movement | A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese under the Qing Dynasty attempted to modernize their army and encourage Western investment in factories and railways |
| Tanzimat Reforms | Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876 |
| Imperialism | Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments |
| Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their racism and imperialist expansion |
| Yaa Asantewaa | An influential Ashanti queen at the beginning of the twentieth century who remains a powerful symbol today. Yaa Asantewaa became famous for commanding the Ashanti Kings in the War of the Golden Stool, against British colonial rule. |
| 1857 Sepoy Rebellion | Also called the Indian's first War of Independence; began in 1857 as a revolt of Sepoys (soldiers) of the British East Indian Company army |
| Xhosa Cattle Killing | Pivotal movement that weakened the Xhosa and ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and domination of South Africa by the British. The prophecy was that killing all cattle would bring back ancient chiefs and ancestors |
| Ghost Dance | A spiritual movement that arose among Western American Indians |
| Opium War | wars between Great Britain and China, began as a conflict over the opium trade as GB illegally imported opium produced in the Middle East and South Asia in hopes of forcing trade with China; |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | (1882) The US denied any Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. |
| White Australia Policy | Before 1973, a set of stringent Australian limitations on nonwhite immigration to the country. It has been largely replaced by a more flexible policy today; a reaction to migrations driven by industrialization |
| Sino-Japanese War | The First Sino-Japanese War or the First China–Japan War was a conflict between the Qing dynasty and Empire of Japan primarily over influence in Korea. |
| British East India Company | A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years. |
| Settler Colonies | Large numbers of people come to the colonies to live in the colony and establish a permanent presence. Britain established these including Jamestown and New Zealand |
| Berlin Conference | A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules to colonize Africa |
| Sphere of Influence | an area where a foreign nation controlled economic developments such as railroad construction and mining; occurred in China after the Opium Wars |
| Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops; led to decreased power and influence of the Qing Dynasty |
| Taiping Rebellion | (1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners. |
| Treaty of Waitangi | New Zealand's founding document. Also known as Te Tiriti o Waitangi, is a 1840 agreement between the British Crown and over 500 Māori chiefs. The treaty's main purpose was to ensure peaceful coexistence and partnership between the two parties |
| Manifest Destiny | The idea that white Americans were divinely ordained to settle the entire continent of North America |
| Sepoys | An Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders. |
| King Leopard II | Leopold II was the second King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909, and the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908 |
| Rubber | A key raw material for export. It's a tough, elastic substance made from the latex of a tropical plant or synthetically. Insulator. |
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