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Health Care Term
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| angi/o | vessel (usually blood or lymph) |
| aneurysm/o | widening, widened blood vessel |
| aort/o | aorta |
| arteri/o | artery |
| arteriol/o | arteriole |
| ather/o | fatty plaque |
| atri/o | atrium |
| cardi/o coron/o | heart |
| phleb/o ven/o | vein |
| thromb/o | blood clot |
| varic/o | dilated vein |
| vas/o | vessel; vas deferens; duct |
| vascul/o | vessel |
| ventricul/o | ventricle (of heart or brain) |
| -cardia | heart condition |
| -gram | record, writing |
| -graph | instrument for recording |
| -graphy | process of recording |
| -stenosis | narrowing, stricture |
| -um | structure, thing |
| -megaly | enlargement |
| -rrhaphy | suture |
| scler/o | hardening; sclera (white of eye) |
| -osis | abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) |
| -itis | inflammation |
| -oma | tumor |
| -ar | pertaining to |
| -ary | pertaining to |
| -ous | pertaining to |
| -lysis | separation; destruction; loosening |
| -ose | pertaining to; sugar |
| -spasm | involuntary contraction, twitching |
| tachy- | rapid |
| electr/o | electricity |
| endo- | in, within |
| micro- | small |
| macro- | large |
| cty/o | cell |
| -al | pertaining to |
| -ac | pertaining to |
| -eal | pertaining to |
| -ic | pertaining to |
| -ical | pertaining to |
| -ory | pertaining to |
| -tic | pertaining to |
| pre- | before |
| post- | after |
| peri- circum- | around |
| nat | birth |
| -ole | small or minute |
| -icle | small or minute |
| -ula | small or minute |
| -ule | small or minute |
| -ia | condition of |
| -iatry | treatment, medicine |
| -is | forms the noun from the root |
| -ism | condition of |
| -ist | specialist |
| -y | condition of |
| intra- | in, within |
| oste/o | bone |
| arthr/o | joint |
| -centesis | surgical puncture |
| -clast | to break |
| -desis | binding, fixation (of a bone or joint) |
| -ectomy | excision, removal |
| append/o appendic/o | appendix |
| -pexy | fixation (of an organ) |
| mast/o | breast |
| -plasty | surgical repair |
| -stomy | forming an opening (mouth) |
| trache/o | trachea (windpipe) |
| -tome | instrument to cut |
| -tomy | incision |
| -tripsy | crushing |
| lith/o | stone, calculus |
| -meter | instrument for measuring |
| pelv/i (only with meter) pelv/o pelv/o | pelvis |
| -metry | act of measuring |
| -scope | instrument for examining |
| -scopy | visual examination |
| -algia -dynia | pain |
| neur | nerve |
| ot/o | ear |
| -cele | hernia, swelling |
| hepat/o | liver |
| -ectasis | dilation, expansion |
| -edema | swelling |
| lymph | lymph |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| hist/o | tissue |
| nucle/o | nucleus |
| anter/o | anterior, front |
| poster/o | back of body, behind |
| cephal/o | head |
| caud/o | tail |
| dist/o | far, farthest |
| proxim/o | near, nearest |
| later/o | side, to one side |
| medi/o | middle |
| infer/o sub- | lower, below |
| ventr/o | belly, belly side |
| dors/o | back (of body) |
| -ad | toward |
| -logy | study of |
| -logist | one who specializes in the study of |
| -toxic | poison |
| abdomin/o | abdomen |
| cervic/o | neck, cervix uteri (neck of uterus) |
| crani/o | cranium, skull |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| -trophy | nourishment, development |
| dys- | bad; painful; difficult |
| cyan | blue |
| my/o muscul/o | muscle |
| -pathy | disease |
| -penia | decrease, deficiency |
| erythr/o | red |
| -phobia | fear |
| hem/o | blood |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| hemi- | one half |
| -rrhage -rrhagia | bursting (of) |
| men/o | menses, menstruation |
| -rrhea | discharge, flow |
| dia- trans- | through, across |
| -rrhexis | rupture |
| a- an- | without, not |
| -esthesia | feeling |
| -duction | act of leading, bringing, conducting |
| odont/o dent/o | teeth |
| vagin | vagina |
| dipl- diplo- | double |
| -opia | vision |
| -crine | secrete |
| muscul | muscle |
| homo- homeo- | same |
| -graft | transplantation |
| -plasia | formation |
| hypo- | under, below, deficient |
| derm/o cutane/o dermat/p | skin |
| -cyte cyt/o | cell |
| mono- uni- | one |
| primi- | first |
| -gravida | pregnant woman |
| retro- | backward, behind |
| -version | turning |
| super/o | upper, above |
| -ior | pertaining to |
| -iac | pertaining to |
| ad- | toward |
| ab- | away from |
| ili/o | ilium (lateral, flaring portion of hip bone) |
| inguin/o | groin |
| lumb/o | loins (lower back) |
| spin/o | spine |
| thorac/o | chest |
| umbilic/o | umbilicus, naval |
| CT | computed tomography |
| CXR | Chest x-ray, chest radiograph |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| US | ultrasound; ultrasonography |
| SPECT | single photon emission computed tomography |
| abd | abdomen |
| ant | anterior |
| AP | anteroposterior |
| Bx | biopsy |
| LAT | lateral |
| LLQ | left lower quadrant |
| LUQ | left upper quadrant |
| PA | posteroanterior; pernicious anemia; pulmonary artery; physician assistant |
| RLQ | right lower quadrant |
| RUQ | right upper quadrant |
| U&L; U/L | upper and lower |
| adhesion | band of scar tissue binding anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other |
| inflammation | protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection or allergy |
| sepsis | body's inflammatory response to infection, in which there is fever, elevated heart and respiratory rate, and low blood pressure |
| cauterize | process of burning abnormal tissue with electricity, freezing, heat, or chemicals |
| epi- | above, on |
| adip/o lip/o steat/o | fat |
| hidr/o sudor/o | sweat |
| arden | gland |
| -esis | condition |
| ichthy/o | dry, scaly |
| kerat/o | horny tissue; hard; cornea |
| melan/o | black |
| myc/o | fungus (pluaral, fungi) |
| onych/o | nail |
| -malacia | softening |
| pil/o trich/o | hair |
| nid | nest |
| seb/o | sebum, sebaceous |
| squam/o | scale |
| xer/o | dry |
| -derma | skin |
| -oid | resembling |
| -phoresis | carrying, transmission |
| py/o | pus |
| -therapy | treatment |
| cry/o | cold |
| hydr/o | water |
| hyper- | excessive, above normal |
| albin/o | white conditition |
| leuk/o | white skin |
| xanth/o cirrh/o | yellow |
| -emia | blood |
| necr/o | death |
| AIDS | acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
| BCC | basal cell carcinoma |
| derm | dermatology |
| fh | family history |
| fs | frozen section |
| I&D | incision and drainage; irrigation and debridement |
| ID | intradermal |
| IM | intramuscular |
| IMP | impression (synonymous with diagnosis) |
| PE | physical examination |
| subcu Sub-Q sub-Q | subcutaneous (injection) |
| ung | ointment |
| xp xdp | xeroderma pigmentosum |
| abrasion | scraping, or rubbing away of surface, such as skin, by friction |
| abscess | localized collection of pus at the site of an infection |
| acne | inflammatory disease of sebaceous follicles of the skin, marked by comedos, papules, and pustules |
| alopecia | absence or loss of hair; especially of the head; aka baldness |
| comedo | discolored, dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin; aka blackhead |
| cyst | closed sac or pouch in or under the skin with a definite wall that contains fluid, semifluid, or solid material (bladder) |
| sebaceous | a cyst filled with sebum (fatty material) from a sebaceous gland |
| eczema | redness of the skin cause by swelling of the capillaries |
| hemorrhage | loss of a large amount of blood in a short period, externally or internally |
| hirsutism | condition characterized by excessive growth of hair or presence of hair in unusual places, especially in women |
| psoriasis | chronic skin disease characterize by itchy red patches covered with silvery scales |
| scabies | contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite |
| tinea | fungal infection whose name commonly indicated the body part affected; aka ringworm |
| ulcer | lesion of the skin or mucous membranes marked by inflammation, necrosis, and sloughing of damaged tissue |
| pressure ulcer | skin ulceration caused by prolonged pressure, usually in a person who is bedridden; aka decubitus ulcer or bedsore |
| urticaria | allergic reaction of the skin characterized by eruption of pale-red elevated patches that are intensely itchy; wheals or hives |
| verruca | rounded epidermal growths caused by a virus; aka wart |
| skin graft | surgical procedure to transplant healthy tissue by applying it to an injured site |
| allograft | transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; aka homograft |
| autograft | transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual |
| tumor | solid, elevated lesion larger than 2cm in diameter that extends into the dermal and subcutaneous layer |
| fissure | small slit or cracklike sore that extends into the dermal layer; could be caused by a continuous inflammation and drying |
| adenoid/o | adenoids |
| laryng/o | larynx (voice box) |
| nas/o rhin/o | nose |
| pharyng/o | pharynx (throat) |
| tonsill/o | tonsils |
| alveol/o | alveolus (plural, alveoli) |
| bronchi/o bronch/o | bronchus (plural bronchi) |
| bronchiol/o | bronchiole |
| pleur/o | pleura |
| -itic | pertaining to |
| pneum/o pneumon/o | air; lung |
| pulmon/o | lung |
| atel | incomplete; imperfect |
| -osmia | smell |
| -oxia | oxygen |
| -phagia | swallowing, eating |
| aer/o | air |
| -pnea | breathing |
| -thorax | chest |
| para- | near, beside, beyond |
| lob/o | lobe |
| brady- | slow |
| eu- | good, normal |
| orth/o | straight |
| phren/o | mind diaphram |
| -ptosis | prolapse, downward displacement |
| muc/o | mucus |
| -oles | small or minute |
| emphys/o | inflate |
| -ema | state of; condition |
| ABGs | arterial blood gases |
| ARDS | acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| CA | cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest |
| CF | cystic fibrosis |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| CPAP | continuous positive airway pressure |
| CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| DPT | diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus |
| dx | diagnosis |
| FEV1 | forced expiratory volume in one second |
| FVC | forced vital capacity |
| HF | heart failure |
| HMD | hyaline membrane disease |
| IPPB | intermittent positive-pressure breathing |
| IRDS | infant respiratory distress syndrome |
| NMT | nebulized mist treatment |
| OSA | obstructive sleep apnea |
| PCP | pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician; phencyclidine (hallucinogen) |
| PFT | pulmonary function test |
| PND | paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
| RD | respiratory disease |
| SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome |
| SOB | shortness of breath |
| TB | tuberculosis |
| URI | upper respiratory infection |
| VC | vital capacity |
| rhonchi | loud, course or snoring sounds heard during inspiration or expiration that is caused by obstructed airways |
| stridor | high-pitched, musical sound made on inspiration that is caused by an obstruction in the trachea or larynx |
| wheezes | continuous high-pitched whistling sounds, usually during expiration, that are caused by narrowing of an airway |
| acidosis | excessive acidity of blood due to an accumulation of acids or an excessive loss of bicarbonate |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) | respiratory insufficiency marked by progressive hypoxia |
| anoxia | total absence of oxygen in body tissues |
| atelectasis | collapse of lung tissue, preventing respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| coryza | acute inflammation of nasal passages accompanied by profuse nasal discharge; aka cold |
| croup | acute respiratory syndrome that occurs primarily in children and infants and is characterized by laryngeal obstruction and spam, barking cough, and stridor |
| cystic fibrosis (cf) | genetic disease of exocrine glands characterized by excessive secretions of thick mucus that do not drain normally, causing obstruction of passageways (including pancreatic and bile ducts and bronchi) |
| empyema | pus in a body cavity, especially in the pleural cavity (pyothorax) |
| epiglottitis | in acute form, a severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and surrounding area that occurs most commonly in children between ages 2 and 12 |
| epistaxis | hemorrhage from the nose; aka nosebleed |
| hypoxemia | deficiency of oxygen in the blood, usually a sign of respiratory impairment |
| hypoxia | deficiency of oxygen in body tissues, usually a sign of respiratory impairment |
| influenza | acute, contagious respiratory infection characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain |
| lung cancer | pulmonary malignancy commonly attributable to cigarette smoking |
| pertussis | acute infectious disease characterized by a "whoop"-sounding couch; aka whooping cough |
| pleural effusion | abnormal presence of fluid in the pleural cavity |
| pneumothorax | collection of air in the pleural cavity, causing the complete or partial collapse of a lung |
| sudden infant death syndrome (sids) | completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well, or virtually well, infant; aka crib death |
| sinus/o | sinus, cavity |
| acid/o | acid |
| carcin/o | cancer |
| tom/o | to cut |
| hemangi | blood vessel |
| systole | normal period of heart contraction |
| diastole | normal period of heart relaxation |
| aden/o | gland |
| agglutin/o | clumping, gluing |
| immun/o | immune, immunity, safe |
| -ation | process of |
| -gen | forming, producing, origin |
| lymph/o | lymph |
| lymphaden/o | lymph gland (node) |
| lymphangi/o | lymph vessel |
| -poiesis | formation, production |
| phag/o | swallowing, eating |
| splen/o | spleen |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| -phylaxis | protection |
| ana- | against; up; back |
| AED | automatic external defibrillator |
| AICD | automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator |
| AS | aortic stenosis |
| ASD | atrial septal defect |
| ASHD | arteriosclerotic heart disease |
| AV | aterioventricular; ateriovenous |
| BBB | bundle-branch block |
| BP | blood pressure |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft |
| CAD | coronary artery disease |
| CC | cardiac catheterization; chief complaint |
| CHB | complete heart block |
| CHF | congestive heart failure |
| CV | cardiovascular |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident; costovertebral angle |
| DVT | deep vein thrombosis (also called deep venous thrombosis) |
| ECG EKG | Electrocardiogram electrocardiography |
| ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (test to detect anti-HIV antibodies) |
| IAS | interatrial septum |
| ICD | implantable cardioverter debfibrillator |
| IVC | inferior vena cava; intravenous cholangiogram; intravenous cholangiography |
| IVS | interventricular septum |
| LA | left atrium |
| LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
| LV | left ventricle |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| MVP | mitral valve prolapse |
| RA | right atrium |
| RBC | red blood cell |
| RV | right ventricle |
| SA | sinoatrial (node) |
| SVC | superior vena cava |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
| ELT | endovenous laser ablation; endoluminal laser ablation |
| HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
| VSD | ventricular septal defect |
| WBC | white blood cells |
| EBV | Epstein-Barr virus |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| HSV | herpes simplex virus |
| KS | Kaposi's sarcoma |
| aneurysm | localized dilation of the wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery, due to a congenial defect or weakness in the vessel wall |
| angina pectoris | mild to severe pain or pressure in the chest caused by ischemia; aka angina |
| arrhythemia | irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; aka dysrhythmia |
| rrhythm/o | rhythm |
| fibrillation | irregular, random contraction of heart fibers |
| arteriosclerosis | thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of arterial walls; aka hardening of the arteries |
| atherosclerosis | most common form of ateriosclerosis, caused by accumulation of fatty substances within the arterial walls, resulting in partial and, eventually, total occulsion |
| bruit | soft blowing sound heard on auscultation casued by turbulent blood flow |
| coronary artery disease (cad) | abnormal condition that affects the heart's arteries and produces various pathological effects, especially reduced flow of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium |
| embolus | mass of undissolved matter - commonly a blood clot, fatty plaque, or air bubble - that travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel |
| -us | condition; structure |
| embol/o | embolus (plug) |
| hypertension | consistently elevated blood pressure that is higher than 119/79 mm HG, causing damage to the blood vessels, and, ultimately, the heart |
| -tension | to stretch |
| ischemia | inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part due to an interruption of blood flow |
| isch | to hold, back |
| myocardial infarction (mi) | necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of one or more coronary arteries; aka heart attack |
| stroke | damage to part of the brain due to interruption of its blood supply caused by bleeding within brain tissue or, more commonly, blockage of an artery; aka cerebrovascular accident |
| thrombus | aggregation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, and the cellular elements of the blood attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery, sometimes occluding the lumen of the vessel; aka blood clot |
| varicose veins | swollen superficial veins that are visible through the skin and usually occur in the legs |
| acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) | deficiency of cellular immunity induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), characterized by increasing susceptibility to infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases |
| Hodgkin disease | malignant disease characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue (usually first evident in cervical lymph nodes), splenomegaly, and the presence of unique Reed-Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes |
| Kaposi sarcoma | malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue |
| lymphadenitis | inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes, usually a result of infection |
| mononucleosis | acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (ebv) and characterized by a sore throat, fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes |
| non-Hodgkin lymphoma | any of a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue except for Hodgkin disease; previously called lymphosarcoma |
| gingiv/o | gum |
| gloss/o lingu/o | tounge |
| or/o stomat/o | mouth |
| ptyal/o | saliva |
| sial/o | saliva, salivary gland |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| pylor/o | pylorus |
| -emesis | vomiting |
| -orexia | appetite |
| -pepsia | digestion |
| maxill/o | jaw |
| enter/o | intestine (usually small) |
| duoden/o | duodenum (first part of small intestine) |
| jejun/o | jejunum (second part of small intestine) |
| ile/o | ileum (third part of small intestine) |
| col/o colon/o | colon |
| proct/o | anus, rectum |
| rect/o | rectum |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| cholangi/o | bile vessel |
| chol/e | bile, gall |
| cholecyst/o | gallbladder |
| choledoch/o | bile duct |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| -iasis | abnormal condition (produced by something specified) |
| -prandial | meal |
| Ba | barium |
| BE | barium enema; below the elbow |
| BM | bowel movement |
| Ca | calcium; cancer |
| EGD | esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
| ERCP | endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography |
| ESWL | extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy |
| FBS | fasting blood sugar |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| GTT | glucose tolerance test |
| HAV | hepatitis A virus |
| HBV | hepatitis B virus |
| IBD | inflammatory bowel disease |
| IBS | irritable bowl syndrome |
| LES | lower esophageal sphincter |
| OR | operating room |
| RGB | Roux-en-Y gastric bypass |
| UGI | upper gastrointestinal |
| UGIS | upper gastrointestinal series |
| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix, which is usually acute and caused by blockage of the appendix followed by infection |
| borborygmus | gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through the intestine |
| cirrhosis | chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice |
| hemorrhoid | mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside (internal) or just outside (external) the rectum; aka piles |
| hernia | protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it |
| jaundice | yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia) |
| obesity | condition in which a person accumulates an amount of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight |
| polyp/o | small growth |
| volvulus | twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction |
| -ice | condition |
| cyst/o vesic/o | bladder |
| glomerul/o | glomerulus |
| meat/o | opening, meatus |
| nephr/o ren/o | kidney |
| pyel/o | renal pevlis |
| ur/o urin/o | urine, urinary tract |
| ureter/o | ureter |
| urethr/o | urethra |
| -uria | urine |
| azot | nitrogenous compounds |
| ARF | acute renal failure |
| BNO | bladder neck obstruction |
| BPH | benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic hypertrophy |
| BUN | blood urea nitrogen |
| CRF | chronic renal failure |
| DRE | digital rectal examination |
| ED | erectile dysfunction; emergency department |
| ESRD | end-stage renal disease |
| EU | excretory urography |
| IVP | intravenous pyelogram; intravenous pyelography |
| IVU | intravenous urogram; intravenous urography |
| KUB | kidney, ureter, bladder |
| PKD | polycystic kidney disease |
| PSA | prostate-specific antigen |
| RP | retrograde pyelography |
| TURP | transurethral resection of the prostate |
| UA | urinalysis |
| UTI | urinary tract infection |
| VCUG | voiding cystourethrogram; voiding cystouretrography |
| azoturia | increase of nitrogenous substances, especially urea, in urine |
| diuresis | increased formation and secretion of urine |
| dysuria | painful or difficult urination, symptomatic of cystitis and other urinary tract conditions |
| enuresis | involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should be established; aka bed-wetting or nocturnal enuresis |
| hypospadias | abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis |
| -spadias | slit, fissure |
| uremia | elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, as occurs in renal failure; aka azotemia |
| Wilms tumor | malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in young children, usually before 5 |
| noct/o | night |
| olig/o | scanty |
| supra- | above; excessive; superior |
| amni/o | amnion (amniotic sac) |
| cervic/o | neck; cervix uteri |
| colp/o vagin/o | vagina |
| galact/o lact/o | milk |
| gynec/o | woman, female |
| hyster/o uter/o | uterus (womb) |
| mamm/o mast/o | breast |
| men/o | menses, menstruation |
| metr/o | uterus (womb); measure |
| nat/o | birth |
| oophor/o ovari/o | ovary |
| perine/o | perineum |
| salping/o | tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes) |
| vulv/o episi/o | vulva |
| -arche | beginning |
| -cyesis | pregnancy |
| pseudo- | false |
| G | gravida |
| -para | to bear (offspring) |
| -salpinx | tube |
| -tocia | childbirth, labor |
| -version | turning |
| andr/o | male |
| balan/o | glans penis |
| gonad/o | gonads, sex glands |
| orch/o orchi/o orchid/o test/o | testis |
| spermat/o sperm/i sperm/o | spermatozoa, sperm cells |
| vesicul/o | seminal vesicle |
| CS, C-section | cesarean section |
| D&C | dilatation (dilation) and curettage |
| GYN | gynecology |
| HRT | hormone replacement therapy |
| IUD | intrauterine device |
| IVF | in vitro fertilization |
| LMP | last menstrual period |
| OB-GYN | obstetrics and gynecology |
| OCPs | oral contraceptive pills |
| GU | genitourinary |
| GC | gonorrhea |
| HPV | human papillomavirus |
| HSV | herpes simplex virus |
| STD | sexually transmitted disease |
| VD | venereal disease |
| XY | male sex chromosomes |
| TURP, TUR | transurethral resection of the prostate |
| TVH | total vaginal hysterectomy |
| TSS | toxic shock syndrome |
| TRAM | transverse rectus abdominis muscle |
| TAH | total abdominal hysterectomy |
| PSA | prostate-specific antigen |
| PMP | previous menstrual period |
| PIH | pregnancy-induced hypertension |
| PID | pelvic inflammatory disease |
| para 1,2,3 | unipara, bipara, tripara (number of variable births) |
| Pap | papanicolaou (test) |
| candidiasis | vaginal fungal infection caused by candida albicans; characterized by a curdy or cheeselike discharge and extreme itching |
| cervicitis | inflammation of uterine cervix |
| ectopic pregnancy | implantation of the fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity |
| endometriosis | presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, such as the pelvis or abdomen |
| fibroid | benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue; aka leiomyoma |
| oligomenorrhea | scant or infrequent menstrual flow |
| preeclampsia | nonconvulsive form of pih |
| eclampsia | convulsive form of pih |
| pyosalpinx | pus in the fallopian tube |
| retroversion | turning, or state of being turned back, especially an entire organ being tipped from its normal position (such as the uterus) |
| trichomoniasis | protozoal infestation of the vagina, urethra or prostate |
| anorchism | congenital absence of one or both testes; aka anorchia |
| balanitis | inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis |
| cryptorchidism | failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum |
| crypt | hidden |
| impotence | inability of a man to achieve or maintain a penile erection; aka erectile dysfunction |
| -tropin | stimulate |
| presby/o | old |
| -cusis | hearing |
| ech/o | sound |
| sphygm/o | pulse |
| steth/o | chest |
| therm/o | heat |
| bolus | food mixed with saliva |
| buccal | pertaining to the cheek |
| caries | decay |
| deglutition | act of process of swallowing |
| eructation | belching, burping |
| feces | solid waste, stools |
| flatus | gas expelled through anus |
| cheil/o labi/o | lip |
| lingual papillae | taste buds |
| masticate | chew |
| peristalsis | involuntary, wavelike contractions of tubes of alimentary tract and other tubular structures |
| prandi/o cib/o | meal |
| pylor/o | refers to the pyloric sphincter (opening b/t stomach and duodenum) |
| vermiform | shaped like a worm |
| anorexia | lack of appetite |
| ascites | accumulation of fluid in abdomen |
| borborygmus | gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestines, caused by gas moving through the intestines |
| bulimia | eating disorder that is characterized by recurrent binge eating, purging of the food with laxatives and/or vomiting, and persistent over-concern with body shape and weight |
| hernia | protrusion/projection of an organ (or part of it) through the cavity wall that normally contains it |
| hemorrhoid | a mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside or just outside the rectum; aka pile |
| ulcer | open sore or lesion of skin or mucous membrane, can have inflamed necrotic tissue sloughing |
| volvulus | twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction. usually needs surgery to untwist the loop |
| poly- | many, much |
| cortex | outer region |
| hilum, hilus | depression or pit in organ or gland where nerves or vessels enter and exit |
| voiding, micturition | expelling urine |
| prostat/o | prostate |
| cata- | down, downward, destructive, against |
| cyes/o cyes/i gravid/o | pregnancy |
| -one | hormone |
| toc/o -tocia | childbirth, labor |
| amenorrhea | absence of menstrual flow |
| adren/o adrenal/o | adrenal glands |
| gluc/o glyc/o | sugar, sweetness |
| thyr/o thyroid/o | thyroid gland |
| mening/o meningi/o | meninges (membranes covering brain & spinal cord) |
| Calc/o | calcium |
| Parathyroid/o | parathyroid glands |
| Pituitary/o | pituitary gland |
| -dipsia | thirst |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum |
| encephal/o | brain |
| gli/o | glue; neuroglial tissue |
| myel/o | bone marrow; spinal cord |
| neur/o | nerve |
| -paresis | partial paralysis |
| -phasia | speech |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone |
| BG | blood glucose |
| BS | blood sugar |
| DM | diabetes mellitus |
| GH | growth hormone |
| HRT | hormone replacement therapy |
| ICSH | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone |
| LH | luteinizing hormone |
| PGH | pituitary growth hormone |
| PTH | parathyroid hormone |
| RAIU | radioactive iodine uptake |
| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| CO | cardiac output |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident; costovertebral angle |
| CVD | cerebrovascular disease |
| AP | anteroposterior |
| PA | posteroanterior |
| IV | intravenously |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
| WBC | white blood cell |
| RBC | red blood cell |
| MS | mitral stenosis; musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mental status; magnesium sulfate |
| LP | lumbar puncture |
| Addison’s disease | Hypoadrenalism; results form a deficiency in the secretion of adrenocortical hormones |
| Cushing’s syndrome | Hyperadrenalism; excessive production of glucocorticoids caused by hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex |
| Graves’ disease | Hyperthyroidism, Toxic Goiter; involves growth of thyroid associated with hyper secretion of thyoxine; characterized by exopthalmos (bulging of eyes), develops because of edema in tissue of eye sockets and swelling of extrinsic eye muscles |
| Myxedema | Advanced Hypothyroidism; hypofunction of the thyroid gland; characterized by edema, increasing blood volume leading to high blood pressure |
| Alzheimer’s disease | Chronic, organic mental disorder pre-senile dementia caused by atrophy of frontal & occipital lobes onset 40-60 years old involves progressive irreversible memory loss, intellectual function deterioration, apathy, speech gait disturbances & disorientation |
| Bell’s palsy | facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of CN 7 (facial nerve) and any or all or its branches. It may be unilateral, bilateral, transient, or permanent |
| Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Apoplexy, stroke; brain tissue damage caused by a disorder within the blood vessels; usually due to the formation of a clot or a ruptured blood vessel; resulting functional deficit depends on the area of the brain affected. |
| Transient Ischemic Attack | TIA; temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, lasting a few minutes to a few hours. |
| Multiple Sclerosis | MS; a progressive degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain producing weakness and other muscular symptoms. |
| Palsy | partial or complete loss of motor function; paralysis. |
| Parkinson’s disease | Paralysis Agitans; progressive degenerative neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement |
| Sciatica | severe leg pain along the course of the sciatic nerve (which travels form the hip to the foot) |
| Shingles | eruption of acute, inflammatory, herpetic vesicles on the trunk of the body along a peripheral nerve caused by herpes zoster virus |
| Spina Bifida | congenital defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude |
| Spina bifida occulta | most common, least severe; no protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges. |
| Spina bifida cystica | protrusion of the meninges (meningocele), protrusion of the spinal cord (myelocele), protrusion of both the meninges and spinal cord (meningomyelocele) |
| Expophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of eyeball(s), possibly due to thyrotoxicosis, tumor of the orbit, orbital cellulites, leukemia, or aneurysm |
| Diabetes mellitus (DM) | chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin or the body’s inability to utilize insulin properly |
| Type I diabetes | form of diabetes mellitus that is abrupt in onset and is due to the failiure of the pancreas to produce insulin, making this type of disease difficult to regulate |
| Type II diabetes | form of diabetes mellitus that is gradual in onset and results from the body’s deficiency in producing enough insulin or resistance to the action of insulin by the body’s cells |
| Insulinoma | tumor of the islets of Langerhans; aka pancreatic tumor |
| Obesity | excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight |
| Morbid obesity | body mass index of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 lbs or more over ideal body weight |
| Panhypopituitarism | total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity |
| Pheochromocytoma | small chromaffin cell tumor; usually located in the adrenal medulla |
| Pituitarism | any disorder of the pituitary gland and its function |
| Epilepsy | disorder affecting the central nervous system that is characterized by recurrent seizures |
| Huntington chorea | hereditary nervous disorder caused by the progressive loss of brain cells, leading to bizarre, involuntary, dancelike movements |
| Hydrocephalus | cranial enlargement caused by accumulation of fluid within the ventricles of the brain |
| Neuroblastoma | malignant tumor composed principally of cells resembling neuroblasts |
| Cerebral palsy | bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary |
| Paralysis | loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both |
| Poliomyelitis | inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis |
| Seizure | convulsion or other clinically detectable event cause by a sudden discharge or electrical activity in the brain that may be classified as partial or generalized |
| Radioactive iodine uptake (raiu) test | imaging procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thyroid after oral or IV administration of radioactive iodine |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analysis | laboratory test in which CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture is evaluated macroscopically for clarity and color, microscopically for cells, and chemically for proteins and other substances |
| Lumbar puncture | insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column at the level of the 4th intervertebral space to withdraw cerebral spinal fluid in order to perform various diagnostic therapeutic procedures, aka spinal tap or spinal puncture |
| Positron emission tomography (pet) | combines CT with radiopharmaceuticals that produces a cross-sectional image of the dispersment of radioactivity in a section of the body to reveal the areas where the radiopharmaceutical is being metabolized and where there is a deficiency in metabolism |
| Adrenalectomy | removal of one or both adrenal glands to remove a benign or cancerous tumor, aid in correcting a hormone imbalance, prevent metastasis or, occasionally, prevent adrenal gland hormone excretion form exacerbating an existing condition like breast cancer |
| Thyroidectomy | excision of one lobe (subtotal) or the entire thyroid gland (thyroid lobectomy) |
| Craniotomy | surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures |
| Thalamotomy | partial destruction the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain |
| Hormone replacement therapy (hrt) | oral administration or injection of synthetic hormones to correct a deficiency in such hormones as of estrogen, testosterone, or thyroid hormone |
| ten/o tend/o tendin/o | tendon |
| spondyl/o (condition) vertebr/o (structure) | vertebra |
| pelv/i pelv/o | pelvis |
| Fasci/o | band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles) |
| Fibr/o | fiber, fibrous tissue |
| Leiomy/o | smooth muscle (visceral) |
| -asthenia | weakness, debility |
| -sarcoma | malignant tumor of connective tissue |
| carp/o | carpus (wrist bones) |
| cost/o | ribs |
| crani/o | cranium (skull) |
| humer/o | humerus |
| metacarp/o | metacarpus |
| phalang/o | phalanges |
| stern/o | sternum |
| calcane/o | calcaneum |
| femor/o | femur |
| fibul/o | fibula |
| patell/o | patella |
| radi/o | radiation, x-ray; radius |
| tibi/o | tibia |
| ankyl/o | stiffness; bent, crooked |
| lamin/o | lamina |
| -clasia | to break |
| -clast | to break |
| -physis | growth |
| -porosis | porous |
| cost/o | ribs |
| ped | foot; child |
| AE | above the elbow |
| AK | above the knee |
| BE | below the elbow |
| BK | below the knee |
| CTS | carpal tunnel syndrome |
| Fx | fracture |
| HD | hemodialysis; hip disarticulation; hearing distance |
| HNP | herniated nucleus pulposus |
| IM | intramuscular |
| MG | myasthenia gravis |
| RA | rheumatoid arthritis |
| ORTH | orthopedics |
| THR | total hip replacement |
| TKR | total knee replacement |
| Rachi/o | spine, vertebral column |
| Kinesi/o | movement, motion |
| Scoli/o | crooked, curved |
| Os | bone |
| Petr/o | stone |
| Sarc/o | flesh, connective tissue |
| Lei/o | smooth |
| Rhabd/o | rod-shaped, striated |
| Dactyl/o | finger or toe |
| Xiph/o | sword-shaped |
| Rotator cuff injuries | injuries to the capsule of the shoulder joint, which is reinforced by muscles and tendons; aka musculotendinous rotator cuff injuries |
| Talipes equinovarus | congenital deformity of the food; aka clubfoot |
| Tendinites | inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; aka tendonitis |
| Contracture | fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of related tissue or joint |
| Ewing sarcoma | malignant tumor that develops from bone marrow, usually in long bones or the pelvis |
| Paget disease | skeletal disease affecting elderly people that causes chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones and bowing of long bones; aka osteitis deformans |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (ra) | chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints, eventually resulting in crippling deformities |
| Subluxation | partial or complete dislocation |
| Sequestrum | fragment of a necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue |
| Scoliosis | abnormal sideward curvature of the spine to the left or right |
| Spondylolisthesis | partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one below it, most commonly the 5th lumbar vertebra of the first sacral vertebra; aka spinal cord compression |
| Arthrocentesis | puncture of a joint space with a needle to remove fluid |
| Rheumatoid factor | blood test to detect the presence of rheumatoid factor, a substance present in patients with rheumatoid arthritis |
| Arthroplasty | surgical reconstruction or replacement of a painful, degenerated joint to restore mobility in rheumatoid or osteoarthritis or to correct a congenital deformity |
| Sequesterectomy | excision of a sequestrum |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that first affects the spine and is characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae; aka rheumatoid spondylitis |
| Carpal Tunnel syndrome | pain or numbness resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which flexor tendons and the median nerve pass) |
| Crepitation | grating sound made by movement of bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction |
| Gout | hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints |
| Herniated Disk | herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposis (center gelatinous material within an intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae. Occurs most often in the lumbar region |
| Kyphosis | increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic section of the vertebral column; hunchback or humpback |
| Lordosis | forward curvature of the lumbar spine; swayback |
| Muscular Dystrophy | group of hereditary diseases characterized by gradual atrophy and weakness of muscle tissue. There is no cure, and most individuals die before the age of 20 years. Duchenne’s dystrophy is the most common form |
| Myasthenia Gravis | autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by severe muscular weakness and progressive fatigue |
| Osteoporosis | decrease in bone density and an increase in porosity, causing bones to become brittle and increasing the risk of fractures |
| Sprain | trauma to a joint that causes injury to the surrounding ligament, accompanied by pain and disability |
| Strain | trauma to a muscle from overuse or excessive forcible stretch |
| Torticollis | spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles causing stiffness and twisting of the neck that may be congenial or acquired; wryneck |
| Open, compound fracture | bone pierces the skin and causes extensive damage to surrounding blood vessels |
| Closed, simple fracture | bone is broken with no external wound present |
| Greenstick fracture | bone is partially bent and partially broken; found more commonly in children |
| Impacted fracture | broken ends of a bone segment are wedged into one another |
| cor/o core/o pupill/o | pupil |
| dacry/o lacrim/o | tear; lacrimal apparatus |
| ocul/o ophthalm/o | eye |
| -opia -opsia | vision |
| acous/o audi/o audit/o | hearing |
| myring/o tympan/o | tympanic membrane |
| Blephar/o | eyelid |
| Conjunctiv/o | conjuctiva |
| Choroids/o | choroid |
| Corne/o | cornea |
| Dipl/o | double |
| Irid/o | iris |
| Kerat/o | horney tissue; hard; cornea |
| Aniso | unequal, dissimilar |
| Opt/o | eye; vision |
| Retin/o | retina |
| Sclera/o | hardening; sclerea |
| -ptosis | prolaps, downward displacement |
| -tropia | turning |
| ot/o | ear |
| -acusis | hearing |
| ARMD | age-releated macular degeneration |
| Ast | astigmatism |
| D | diopter (lens strength) |
| ECCE | extracapsular cataract extraction |
| Em | emmetropia |
| EOM | extraocular movement |
| IOL | intraocular lens |
| IOP | intraocular pressure |
| mix astig | mixed astigmatism |
| MVR | mitral valve replacement; massive vitreous retraction (blade) |
| OD | right eye |
| O.D. | doctor of optometry |
| OS | left eye |
| OU | both eyes |
| REM | rapid eye movement |
| SICS | small incision cataract surgery |
| ST | esotropia |
| VA | visual acuity |
| VF | visual field |
| XT | exotropia |
| Myop | myopia |
| AC | air condition |
| AD | right ear |
| AS | left ear |
| AU | both ears |
| BC | bone conduction |
| ENT | ear, nose, and throat |
| NIHL | noise-induced hearing loss |
| OM | otitis media |
| PE | physical examination; pulmonary embolism; pressure-equalizing (tube) |
| Presby/o | old |
| Acoustic neruoma | benign tumor that develops from the 8th cranial nerve and grows within the auditory canal |
| Hearing loss | decreased ability to perceive sounds compared to what the individual or examiner would regard as normal |
| Conductive | hearing loss due to an impairment in the transmission of sound because of an obstruction of the ear canal or damage to the eardrum or ossicles |
| Anacusis | without/hearing; total deafness |
| Mèniére disease | rare disorder of unknown etiology within the labyrinth of the inner ear that can lead to progressive loss of hearing |
| Otitis Media | Middle ear infection. Usually a result of bacteria infection. Most common in children |
| Serous | noninfectious inflammation of the middle ear with accumulation of serum |
| Suppurative | inflammation of the middle ear with pus formation |
| Otosclerosis | progressive deafness due to ossification in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear |
| Presbycusis | Impaired hearing in old age |
| Tinnitus | Ringing buzzing, or roaring sound in the ears |
| Vertigo | sensation of moving around in space. A feeling of spinning or dizziness. Usually a result of inner ear structure damage associated with balance and equilibrium. (Vestibular portion and semicircular canals) |
| Tonometry | procedure used to detect glaucoma that measures intraocular pressure by determining the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force |
| Visual acuity test | standard eye examination to determine the smallest letters a person can read on a Snellen chart at a distance of 20 feet |
| Audiometry | test that measures hearing acuity at various sound frequencies |
| Otoscopy | visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope |
| Pneumatic | otoscopic procedure that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure |
| Rinne test | hearing acuity test performed with a vibrating tuning fork that is first placed on the mastoid process and then in front of the external auditory canal to test bone and air conduction |
| Cataract surgery | excision of a lens affected by a cataract |
| Extracpsular cataract extraction (ecce) | excision the anterior segment of the lens capsule along with the lens, allowing for the insertion of the intraocular lens implant |
| Phacoemulsification | excision of the lens by ultrasonic vibrations that break the lens into tiny particles, which are suctioned out of the eye; aka small incision cataract surgery (sics) |
| Corneal transplant | surgical transplantation of a donor cornea into the eye of the recipient; aka keratoplasty |
| Iridectomy | excision of a portion of the iris used to relieve intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma |
| Cochlear implant | electronic transmitter surgically implanted into the cochlea of a deaf person to restore hearing |
| Myringoplasty | surgical repair of a perforated eardrum with a tissue graft; aka tympanoplasty |
| Myringotomy | incision of the eardrum to relieve pressure and release puss or serous fluid from the middle ear or to insert PE tubes in the eardrum via surgery |
| Achromatopsia | Without/color/vision, condition of color blindness, more common in males |
| Astigmatism | defective curvature of the cornea and lens, which causes light rays to focus unevenly over the retina rather than being focused on a single point, resulting in a distorted image |
| Cataract | Opacity (cloudiness) of the lens. Caused by protein deposits on the surface that slowly builds up until vision is lost. |
| Conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjunctiva that can be caused by bacteria, allergy, irritation, or a foreign body; aka pinkeye |
| Diabetic retinopathy | retinal damage marked by aneurismal dilation and bleeding of blood vessels or the formation of new blood vessels, causing visual changes |
| Glaucoma | increased intraocular pressure. Caused by the failure of the aqueous humor to drain. Results in atrophy of the optic nerve and may eventually lead to blindness. |
| Open-angle glaucoma | most common form of glaucoma that results from degenerative changes that cause congestion and reduce flow of aqueous humor through the canal of Schlemm |
| Closed-angle glaucoma | type of glaucoma caused by and anatomically narrow angle between the iris and the cornea, which prevents outflow of aqueous humor from the eye into the lymphatic system, causing a sudden increase in IOP |
| Hordeolum | small, purulent inflammatory infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid, aka sty |
| Macular Degeneration | breakdown of the tissues in the macula resulting in loss of central vision, most common cause of visual impairment in persons over age 50. The macula is a small specialized central area of the retina. Responsible for acute central vision. |
| Photophobia | Unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light. Occurs in certain diseases and with some medications. |
| Retinal detachment | separation of the retina from the choroids, which disrupts vision and results in blindness if not repaired |
| Presbyopia | A defect of vision in advancing age. Involves loss of accommodation. Caused by a loss of elasticity of the lens. |
| Farsightedness | An error in refraction in which objects come into focus behind the retina. Convex lens will correct. aka hyperopia. Cannot see near objects in proper focus. |
| Nearsightedness | An error in refraction in which objects come into focus in front of the retina. Concave lens will correct. aka myopia. Cannot see far objects in proper focus. |
| Strabismus | muscular eye disorder in which the eyes turn from the normal position so that they deviate in different directions |
| Esotropia | strabismus in which there is deviation of the visual axis of one eye toward that of the other eye, resulting in diplopia; aka cross-eye and convergent strabismus |
| Exotropia | strabismus in which there is deviation of the visual axis of one eye away from that of the other eye resulting is diplopia; aka wall-eye and divergent strabismus |
| Aur/o | ear; aura; gold |
| Fenestra | opening usually a closed membrane |
| Ossicle | any small bone, especially one of 3 bones of the middle ear |
| Cerumen | ear wax |
| Ton/o | tension, pressure |
| Phot/o | light |
| Oculus sinister | left eye |
| Oculus dexter | right eye |
| Cry/o | cold |
| Amblyopia | dullness of vision |
| Ambly | dull |
| Nyctalopia | night blindness |
| Nycto | night, darkness |
| Emmetropia | normal, perfect vision |
| Myopia | nearsightedness |
| Hyperopia | farsightedness |
| Anisocoria | unequal pupil condition |
| Anis/o | unequal |
| Phac/o | lens |
| Xenophtalmia | inflamed eye condition caused by foreign material |
| Xen/o | foreign, strange |
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