Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
WHI People Review
World History I People Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Archeologists | One who studies early human cultures, mainly by looking at artifacts they left behind |
| Lucy | Hominid skeleton discovered by Donald Johanson |
| Neanderthals | Early people who lived during the Old Stone Age. They wore animal skins, used fire, more efficient tools, and buried their dead. |
| Cro-Magnons | Group of early people appearing about 35,000 years ago in Europe. They made even better tools and weapons, and created cave art. |
| Homo Sapiens | Modern man |
| Paleolithic Society | Nomadic, simple tools and weapons, used fire, lived in clans, developed oral language, created cave art |
| Neolithic Society | Developed agriculture, domesticated animals, advanced tools and weapons, made pottery, developed weaving |
| Pharaoh | "Great House"; Egyptian ruler's title |
| Menes | United all of Egypt into one kingdom |
| Hyksos | Group of people who arrived in ancient Egypt from Asia and introduced new war tools (chariot and compound bow) |
| Hatshepsut | First known female ruler. Strong ruler who kept Egypt's borders secure and built trade with other lands |
| Thutmose III | Hatshepsut’s stepson who brought Egypt to the height of its power through conquest and trade until his death |
| Amenhotep IV | Tried to make Egypt monotheistic by banning all gods except the sun god, Aton. Changed his name to Akhenaton, which means "he who is pleasing to Aton" |
| Ramses II | Called Ramses the Great. Kept the Egyptian empire together and ordered the construction of many temples and monuments |
| Scribes | Egyptian clerks who read or wrote for those who could not do so for themselves |
| Cleopatra | Tries to unite Egypt but is unsuccessful. Teams up with Marc Antony. Commits suicide after Octavian declares war on them. Roman Empire takes over |
| Tutankhamen | Young boy pharaoh whose tomb was found untouched in the Valley of the Kings |
| Caravans | Groups of people traveling together for safety over long distancesSumerians |
| Akkadians | Semitic speaking people who conquered the Sumerians and established an empire that reached as far as the Mediterranean Sea |
| Babylonains | Conquered the Sumerians and adopted their culture. Active traders, rights for women, created the horoscope, oldest written law code – Code of Hammurabi |
| Hittites | Warlike people who invaded the Tigris-Euphrates Valley from Asia Minor. First to smelt iron, had a law system, allowed for religious freedom |
| Assyrians | Semitic speaking people from North Mesopotamia who adopted Sumerian culture. Fierce effective warriors – 1st to use cavalry |
| Chaldeans | Conquered most of the Fertile Crescent. Built many canals and buildings, skilled astronomers. Led by Nebuchadnezzar |
| Persians | Empire stretched from Indus River to Europe. Built a road system was used to connect the Empire together. Practiced Zoroastrianism |
| Phoenicians | Highly skilled sailors and great sailors. Invented glass blowing and purple dye and created the Phoenician Alphabet |
| Lydians | 1st to coin money – created a money economy |
| Sargon | Akkadian king who established an empire that reached as far west as the Mediterranean Sea |
| Hammurabi | King of Babylon. Responsible for Hammurabi’s CodeNebuchadnezzar |
| Cyrus | Known as “the Great”. Rebelled against Medes and captured Babylon and took over the rest of the Fertile Crescent and Asia Minor |
| Darius I | Persian ruler who expanded its empire |
| Xerxes I | Persian ruler who expanded its empire. Son of Darius |
| Zoroaster | Persian religious reformer who founded Zoroastrianism |
| Hebrews | Monotheistic people living in the Fertile Crescent who are the ancestors of modern Jews |
| Abraham | Founder of JudaismTwelve Tribes of Israel |
| Moses | Hebrew law-giver and prophet. Led the Israelites out of Egypt into the Promise Land. By tradition, he received the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai |
| Saul | First king of united Israel |
| David | King who made Jerusalem the capital and a religious center |
| Solomon | King under which Israel reached its height of its wealth and power |
| Harappans | Earliest civilization of the Indus River Valley |
| Indo-Aryans | Indo-European tribes who moved in slow waves into Indian about 1750 BC |
| Brahmins | Special priests of the Indo-Aryan society who knew the proper forms and rules of their complicated religious rituals |
| Siddhartha Gautama | Son of an Indian rajah. Philosopher, founder of Buddhism. Known as Buddha (Enlightened One) |
| Chandragupta Maurya | First ruler to unite and govern much of India |
| Asoka | Emperor of India’s Maurya dynasty. Converted to Buddhism; send Buddhist missionaries across Asia |
| Chandra Gupta II | Gupta dynasty – reign brought prosperity to India. Great progress was made in the arts |
| Aryabhata | Indian mathematician who is the first to have used algebra and solve quadratic equations |
| Xia | Line of kings ruling over a late Neolithic people in the Huang River region of China starting in about 2000 BC |
| Shang Dynasty | Invaders of the Huang River valley who came to power sometime between 1750 BC and 1500 BC and established the first dynasty in China |
| Zhou Dynasty | People who overthrew the Shang dynasty of China in 1122 BC |
| Qin Dynasty | Dynasty that came to power in China in 221 BC under which the first true empire of China was created |
| Han Dynasty | Dynasty of rulers that ruled a centralized and growing empire in China |
| Cheng | Founded the Qin Dynasty |
| Liu Bang | Commoner who became a general. Overthrew the Qin Dynasty and established the Han Dynasty |
| Liu Ch’e | Longest ruling Han emperor. Also known as Wu Ti |
| Confucius | Chinese philosopher. Founded Confucianism, a religion based on reason rather than spirituality |
| Laozi | Chinese philosopher and mystic. Founder of Taoism |
| Minoans | Earliest Greek civilization that had developed on the island of Crete |
| Mycenaeans | Civilization on the Greek mainland that conquered the Minoans |
| Oracles | Special places where ancient Greeks believed gods spoke through priests and priestesses |
| Hoplite | Heavily armed Greek infantry who carried long spears and fought in closely spaced rows |
| Tyrants | Rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the people’s support |
| Aristocracies | Greek city-states controlled by nobles |
| Helots | Conquered people of the Peloponnesus, who became the lowest class in Spartan society |
| Ephors | Five officials in ancient Sparta who were elected for one year terms to make sure the king stayed within the law |
| Metics | People living in Athens who were not citizens, who could work and who paid taxes but were not allowed to own land or take part in government |
| Archons | Rulers in ancient Athens who served one-year terms |
| Sparta | Greek city-state with a rigid and highly militarized society |
| Athens | Greek city-state with a democratic society where the arts and culture flourished |
| Draco | Archon who is believed to have created Athen’s first written law code |
| Solon | Archon who settle disputes between creditors and debtors by erasing the debts of the poor and outlawing slavery for debt |
| Peisistratus | Ruled Athens as a tyrant. Improved its economy, but clashed with the nobles |
| Cleisthenes | Ruler who seized power and turned Athens into a democracy |
| Sappho | Female poet who wrote about everyday life in Greece |
| Sophists | Athenian men who opened schools for boys to study government, mathematics, ethics, and rhetoric |
| Themistocles | Lead the Greek’s defeat of the Persian navy at the Battle of Salamis |
| Pericles | Athenian statesman, orator, and general. Ruled during Athen’s golden age |
| Myron | Greek sculptor – The Discus Thrower |
| Phidias | Greek sculptor – statues of Athena in Parthenon and Zeus at the Temple of Olympia |
| Praxiteles | Greek sculptor – statues were lifelike and natural in form and size |
| Socrates | Greek philosopher. Plato describes his ideas in the Dialogues. Forced to commit suicide because his teachings were thought to corrupt the young |
| Plato | Greek philosopher; student of Socrates. Described ideal state ruled by philosophers |
| Aristotle | Greek philosophers, pupil of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great |
| Pythagoras | Greek philosopher who believed that everything could be explained through mathematics – developed the Pythagorean theorem |
| Hippocrates | Considered the founder of modern medical science – taught that disease comes from natural causes, not as punishment from the gods; believed rest, fresh air, and proper diet were the best cures |
| Herodotus | First historian of the Western world; called the Father of History – traveled and wrote about the countries and cultures he encountered |
| Sophocles | Playwright who wrote tragedies in which he defended many traditional Greek values – wrote Oedipus Rex |
| Euripides | Playwright who wrote tragedies that questioned many old beliefs and ideas; wrote The Trojan Women about the pain and misery of war |
| Aristophanes | Playwright of comedies – wrote Clouds |
| Philip II of Macedon | King of Macedon; spend 3 years as a hostage in Thebes where he learned Greek culture; organized a strong army to conquer Greece; father of Alexander the Great |
| Demosthenes | Athenian orator who criticized Philip II of Macedon |
| Alexander the Great | King of Macedonia. Conquered Persia and created vast, short-lived empire that reached to India |
| Zeno | Established the Stoic philosophy in Athens – believed every person had some “spark” of the divine within and the only way to achieve happiness is by following this spark |
| Epicurus | Founder of the Epicurean philosophy – the aim of life is to seek pleasure and avoid pain |
| Euclid | Developed geometry |
| Archimedes | Calculated pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, invented the compound pulley and Archimedes screw |
| Aristarchus | Taught that the earth and other planets moved around the sun |
| Eratosthenes | Calculated the distance around the earth |
| Aeschylus | Playwright who wrote tragedies about religion and the relationship between gods and people |
| Latins | Earliest settles of Rome – established Latium and lived in small villages along the Tiber River |
| Etruscans | Conquered the Latins – had a written language, built well planed cities, created jewelry and fine clothing, skilled in metal, pottery, and wood |
| Dictator | Absolute ruler |
| Consuls | Chief executives elected to run the government in ancient Rome |
| Praetors | Elected Roman officials who helped the consuls |
| Censors | Roman officials who registered citizens according to their wealth |
| Tribunes | Officials elected by Rome’s popular assemblies |
| Patricians | Powerful landowners who controlled Roman government and society |
| Plebeians | Farmers and workers who made up most of the Roman population |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian general. Fought Second Punic War against Rome |
| Scipio | Roman general who defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama |
| Spartacus | Gladiator who led a slave rebellion against Rome |
| Gladiators | In Ancient Rome, a man who fought other men or animals to entertain the public |
| The Gracchi | Two brothers, Tiberus and Gaius Gracchus, who saw the need for reform in the Roman Republic |
| Gaius Marius | Roman general who reformed the army by creating an army of volunteers who were well rewarded with money and land |
| Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Marched on Rome; ruled as a dictator; enlarged the Senate by 300 members and gave it complete control over the government |
| Julius Caesar | Roman general, statesmen, and writer. Conquered Gaul and ruled as dictator of Roman Republic until his murder |
| Gnaeus Pompey | Roman general; part of the First Triumvirate |
| Cleopatra | Daughter of the Ptolemy family; placed on the throne of Egypt by Casear |
| Marc Antony | Roman general; part of the Second Triumvirate; teamed up with Cleopatra, committed suicide |
| Augustus (Octavian) | First emperor of Rome. Reformed administration and promoted culture |
| Julio-Claudian Emperors | Relatives of Caesar who ruled for 54 years of the Pax Romana following the death of Augustus |
| Five Good Emperors | Five rulers who led Rome for almost 100 years during the Pax Romana |
| Galen | Roman physician who wrote several volumes that summarized all the medical knowledge of his day |
| Ptolemy | Astronomer – developed the Ptolemaic System – belief that the sun, planets, and stars revolved around the earth |
| Virgil | Roman poet – wrote the Aeneid about Aeneas, a prince of Troy |
| Horace | Roman poet – wrote of human emotions in odes, satires, and epistles (letters) |
| Ovid | Roman poet – wrote love lyrics and the Metamorphoses |
| Tacitus | Roman historian who wrote Annals, a history of Rome under the Julio-Claudian emperors |
| Plutarch | Wrote Parallel Lives, a collection of Greek and Roman biographies |
| Rabbis | Teacher of Jewish law; spiritual head of a congregation |
| Martyrs | Persons put to death for their beliefs |
| Bishops | Heads of the Catholic Church in major cities |
| Patriarchs | Senior of chief bishop in the Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Pope | Title assumed by the patriarch of Rome and head of the Catholic Church; from the Latin word meaning “father” |
| Jesus | Jewish religious teacher. Believed by Christians to be Son of God and Savior of Mankind. Crucified for treason against Rome |
| Paul | Christian apostle and missionary who spread the teachings of Jesus to the gentiles |
| Disciples | Followers of Jesus |
| Diocletian | Roman general made emperor in 284 AD; divided the Roman empire in two – ruled the eastern part; controlled all aspects of life, drove out invaders and ended lawlessness, tried unsuccessfully to control the economy |
| Constantine | Emperor of Rome; made Christianity the empire’s official religion; moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople |
| Goths | One of a group of Germanic tribes who flooded into the Roman Empire and later revolted, weakening the empire |
| Vandals | One of a group of Germanic tribes who invaded and destroyed territory in the Roman Empire |
| Huns | Nomadic people from Asia who attacked the Roman Empire |
| Attila | Fierce Han leader who conquered Gaul |
| Kush | Early African kingdom along the Nile River; conquered and ruled Egypt for 50 years before being expelled; conquered by the Aksum |
| King Ezana | Aksum king who conquered the Kush and establish an Aksum kingdom |
| Aksum | African kingdom located in the Ethiopian Highlands |
| Swahili | African society that emerged in the late 1100s along the East African coast and combined elements of African, Asian, and Islamic cultures |
| Zimbabwe | African kingdom in south Africa, located between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers; capital city known as Great Zimbabwe |
| Ghana | Earliest west African kingdom |
| Mali | West African kingdom; capital city was Timbuktu – center for trade and learning |
| Songhai | West African kingdom; capital city Gao was an important trade city located on the Niger River |
| Mansa Musa | Ruler of Mail. Made hajj to Mecca and brought back Muslim scholars to Mali |
| Sonni ‘Ali | Captured Timbuktu and established the Songhai kingdom |
| Mohammad I Askia | King of Songhai and excellent administrator. Made Timbuktu a center of Muslim scholarship |
| Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler who left an account of his journeys and the places he visited |
| Olmec | Earliest culture of Mexico, beginning in about 1200 BC |
| Maya | One of the most advanced early people in the Americas, occupying most of the Yucatan Peninsula |
| Aztec | Wandering warriors who gradually came to rule central Mexico |
| Inca | Civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s included much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile |
| Iconoclasts | People who opposed the use of icons in worship |
| Justinian | Byzantine emperor. Responsible for codification of laws named after him |
| Theodora | Wife of Justinian; served as an advisor to Justinian and helped improve the status of women |
| Belisarius | General of the Byzantine army; crushed the Nika Revolt |
| Cyril & Methodius | Greek scholars and missionaries. Developed the Cyrillic Alphabet and spread Christianity among the Slavs |
| Ottoman Turks | Asian people who conquered Constantinople in the 1300s and established a large empire |
| Boyars | Russian noble |
| Rurik | Leader of the Rus; took control of Novgrod and ruled over Kiev and the Slavic tribes |
| Rus | People led by Rurik who cam to rule Kiev and the Slavic tribes along the Dnieper River |
| Yaroslav the Wise | Russian ruler who built many churches and introduced Russia’s first law code (Pravda Russkia) |
| Vladimir I | Russian ruler who converted to Christianity and tried to force Kievans to convert; had all pagan statues destroyed |
| Czar | Title taken by Ivan the Terrible; Russian for “Caesar” |
| Vladimir Monomakh | Russian ruler whose reign saw a brief revival of Kiev; lead attacks against the Polovsty |
| Polovtsy | Turkish people who controlled the area south of Kiev |
| Ivan III | Ivan the Great – became the first ruler of the independent state called Russia |
| Ivan IV | Ivan the Terrible – 1st czar of Russia, modernized the legal code, cruel and brutal leader |
| Bedouins | Nomadic Arab herders of sheep and camel |
| Muhammad | Arab prophet and religious leader; founded Islam. His teachings are recorded in the Quran. Proclaimed himself the messenger of Allah |
| Muslims | Followers of the religion of Islam |
| Caliph | Title meaning “successor to the Prophet” used in government and religion in Islamic society |
| Imams | Spiritual leaders who, according to some Shi’ah Muslims, should be direct descendants of Muhammad |
| Sultan | Muslim ruler |
| Abu Bakr | Chosen as Muhammad’s successor; given title of caliph; helped unite Arabic tribes |
| ‘Umar | Succeeded Abu Bakr as caliph; continued to expand the Islamic empire |
| Sunni | One of two branches of Islam; its members accept the first four caliphs as successors of Muhammad |
| Shi’ah | One of two branches of Islam; its members reject the authority of the caliphs who succeeded Calif Ali |
| Sufi | Muslim mystics who tried to live simple lives |
| Rabi’ah al-Adawiyah | The 1st female Sufi mystic |
| Tariq | Berber general who led a Muslim army into Spain and conquered it |
| Moors | Muslims who made Spain their home in the 700s AD |
| Al-Razi | Arab chemist and physician. His written works include a medical encyclopedia and a handbook of diseases |
| Ibn Sina | Persian physician and philosopher. Wrote work that was standard medical text until 1500 |
| Al-Idrisi | Muslim geographer – created new, more accurate maps |
| Kami | Japanese gods or nature spirits |
| Shogun | Military governor of Japan |
| Samurai | Member of a military class in feudal Japan who owed loyalty to a daimyo |
| Daimyo | Japanese feudal lord who led an army of samurai |
| Fujwara | First family to gain control over the central government in Japan |
| Lady Murasaki Shikibu | Japanese poet who wrote The Tale of Genji about Prince Genji – world’s 1st novel and literary masterpiece |
| Kublai Khan | Mongol emperor. Founded Yuan dynasty in China, which flourished under his rule |
| Franks | Germanic tribe that created an empire encompassing present-day France and much of the neighboring areas |
| Clovis | Frankish king who established the Merovingian line; converted to Christianity |
| Merovingians | Clovis and his successors, who were generally weak Frankish rulers who left the job of governing to palace officials |
| Charles Martel | Charles the Hammer – Frankish king who defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours |
| Carolingians | Line of Frankish rulers established by Pepin III’s coronation |
| Charlemagne | King of the Franks; founder of the Holy Roman Empire |
| Louis the Pious | King of France and Catholic Saint, noted for his wisdom and his piety |
| Magyars | Nomadic group who invaded Europe; eventually settled in what is now Hungary |
| Angle-Saxons | Germanic tribes that established several independent kingdoms in England |
| Vikings | Germanic people from Scandinavia who often raided western Europe |
| Lord | A person who grants land to a vassal in a feudalism |
| Vassal | Feudal tenant who held land from a lord in return for military and other service |
| Knight | Mounted warrior |
| Serf | Peasant tied to his lord’s land |
| Cardinals | A high officer in the Roman Catholic Church who participates in the election of a new pope |
| Abbot | Head of a monastery who controlled and distributed all property |
| Abbess | Head of a convent who served a role similar to an abbot |
| Heretics | People who denied the truth of the official church’s principles or who preached beliefs not approved by the church |
| Saint Benedict | Founder of Western monasticism and of Benedictine Order |
| Hildegard of Bingen | German nun who wrote religious music and medical text; founded the convent at Rubertsburg and served as its first abbess |
| Saint Patrick | Credited for bring Christianity to Ireland |
| Saint Augustine | Led a group of monks to England; became Achbishop of Canterbury, the center of the Christian church in England |
| William the Conqueror | Won the Battle of Hastings and gains control of land in England and France |
| Henry II | Married Eleanor of Aquitaine and ruled over England and half of France |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | Married Henry II and brought half of the land in France to the marriage |
| King John | Weak English king who was forced to sign the Magna Carta |
| King Richard I | English king who fought in the Crusades. Known as Richard The Lionheart |
| King Edward I | King of England who strengthens the monarchy and creates the Model Parliament |
| Hugh Capet | Established the Capetian Dynasty in France. Weak king chosen by French nobles |
| Philip II (France) | French king who strengthened the monarchy through the use of bailiffs |
| Philip IV | French king who creates the Estates General |
| Charles VII | French king who ascends the throne with the help of Joan of Arc. Creates France's first permanent army, a Royal Council, and taxes land and salt to generate revenue |
| Louis XI | French king known as "the spider king" who used trickery, bribery, and a spy network. Expand France to include Burgundy and did not use the Estates General |
| Frederick Barbarossa | Holy Roman Emperor who led an army during the 3rd Crusade – drowned on the way to the Holy Land and his army turned back |
| Seljuq Turks | Muslim people from central Asia who gained control of Palestine, or the Holy Land to Christians, during the late 1000s |
| Urban II | Pope who gave a speech that launched the 1st Crusade |
| Saladin | Muslim leader during the Crusades |
| Apprentice | One who learns a skill under a master |
| Journeyman | Skilled worker who was paid wages by a master |
| Middle Class | Class of skilled workers between the upper class and the poor unskilled workers |
| Troubadours | Traveling singers who entertained people during the Middle Ages |
| Dante Alighieri | Wrote the Divine Comedy - written in the vernacular about the faults he saw in Italian society |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | Wrote The Canterbury Tales - written in the vernacular and poked fun at society and the clergy |
| Peter Abelard | Important philosopher of scholasticism. His book Sic et Non raised many questions about the church's teachings |
| Thomas Aquinas | Great medieval philosopher - He was a monk who wrote Summa Theologiae which summarized medieval Christian thought |
| Henry Tudor | English king who appoints many advisors from the middle class, uses local government, taxes land to gain revenue, avoids war, and creates the Star Chamber. England prospers under his reign |
| Joan of Arc | French heroine and martyr. Helped the French to win the 100 Years War. Captured and burned as a heretic. Proclaimed a saint by the Catholic Church in 1920 |
| Ferdinand & Isabella | Spanish monarchs who unified Aragon and Castile, financed Columbus’ expedition to America, defeated the Moors, and expelled the Jews from Spain |
| Charles V (Spain) | King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor – divided the vast lands among members of his family |
| Philip II (Spain) | Spanish king who expanded the kingdom of Spain by annexing Portugal |
| Mongols | Asian power who invaded Russia |
| Genghis Khan | Mongol warrior. Founder of a huge Mongol empire in northern China and Central Asia |
| Francesco Petrarch | Renaissance scholar, poet, and humanist |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Italian political philosopher and diplomat. Author of The Prince, which describes how an amoral prince can retain power. The “ends justify the means” |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Italian artists and scientist. Famous as painter of Mona Lisa |
| Michelangelo | Italian sculptor, architect, and painter. Best known for painting the ceiling of Rome’s Sistine Chapel |
| Johannes Gutenberg | German printer who invented the printing press |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch humanist and church reformer. Translated New Testament from Greek to Latin and wrote In Praise of Folly |
| Thomas Moore | Wrote Utopia about an ideal society |
| William Shakespeare | English playwright and poet. Widely held to be one of world’s greatest writers in any language. Author of 36 plays, 152 sonnets, and several longer poems |
| Medici Family | Rich family that served as the first bankers and rulers of Florence |
| Martin Luther | Christian monk who wanted to reform the Catholic Church; was thrown out by Catholic Church; founded the Lutheran Church |
| Patron | Wealthy person who gave money in the support of the arts |
Created by:
Jrafter
Popular World History sets