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Unit 6 - Cities

Cities and Urban Land Use

QuestionAnswer
City A relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; cities serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions.
Urban Relating to a city
Agricultural Surplus Crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the farmer and his or her family
Socioeconomic Stratification The structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance, a government or ruling class that exercise control over goods and people)
First Urban Revolution The agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest cities
Urban Hearth Area Regions in which the world's first cities evolved
Site An absolute location of a place on Earth
Situation The relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features, or its regional position with reference to other places.
Capitalism An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than owned and run by the state.
Communism An economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed
Streetcar Suburb A settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily
Second Urban Revolution The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth
Redevelopment A set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times
Metropolis A very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region
Urban Area Any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people
Urbanized Area In the United States, an urban area with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants
Metropolitan Statistical Area In the United States, a region with at least one urbanized area as its core.
Micropolitan Statistical Area In the United States, a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people as its cores
Urban Cluster In the United States, an urban area with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants.
Suburb A populated area on the outskirts of a city
Urbanization Rate The percentage of a nation's population living in towns and cities
Suburbanization The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city
Sprawl The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner
Automobile Cities Cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership
Decentralize In an urban context, to move business operations form core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs
Edge City A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city's traditional downtown or central business district
Boomburb (also called boomburg) A place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government.
Infill Development The building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already-developed areas.
Exurb A semi-rural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families
World City A city that is a control center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the world's commercial networks and financial markets (also called a global city)
Gated Community Privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it.
Urban System A set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks
Urban Hierarchy A ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy
Rank-Size Rule The population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy
Primate City A city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life
Central Place Theory A model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are
Central Place A settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers
Threshold In central place theory, the number of people required to support a business
Range In central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good
Gravity Model The idea that the closer two places are, the more they will influence each other
Concentric Zone Model A model of a city's internal organization developed by E.W. Burgess organized in five concentric rings that model the arrangement of a different residential zones radiating outward from a central business district
Hoyt Sector Model A model of a city's internal organization, developed by Homer Hoyt, that focuses on transportation and communicaiton as the drivers of a the city's layout
Multiple-Nuclei Model A model of a city's internal organization, developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, showing residential districts organized around several nodes (nuclei) rather than on central business district
Galactic City Model or Peripheral Model A model of a city's internal organization in which the CBD remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial districts are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked by metropolitan expressway systems
Griffin-Ford Model (Latin American City Model) A model of the internal structure of the Latin American City developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Traditional elements of Latin American Culture blended with the modern forces of globalization.
Gentrification The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves
Southeast Asian City Model Developed by T.G. McGee modeled the internal organization of medium-size port cities in SE Asia. The focal point is not the CBD, but rather the old colonial port zone with surrounding commercial districts
Sub-Saharan African City Model Cities of sub-Saharan Africa carry the imprint of European colonial powers. Cities in sub-Saharan Africa are likely to have three CBDs (Colonial, Traditional, Market)
Perceived Density The general impression of a the estimated number of people present in a given area
Zoning Regulation Laws that dictate how land can be used
Fiscal Squeeze Occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure
Built Environment The human-made space in which people live, owrk, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis
Smart Growth Policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation
Compact Design Development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl)
Diverse Housing Options Policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood
New Urbanism An approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European-Style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing different types and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation
Greenbelt A zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas
Zoning The classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development
Slow-Growth City A city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally, with the goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl
Anti-Displacement Tenant Activists Advocates for poor and working-class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development
de facto Segregation Racial segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent
Mortgage A loan that is taken out to purchase a home
Redlining The practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods
Blockbusting A practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to minority families moving in
White Flight The mass movement of white people from the city to the suburb
Afforability The maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house or apartment
Housing Choice Voucher Program A federal government to assist very-low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, decent, safe, and sanitary housing
Violent Crime A category of crime that includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assult
Social Controls Formal or informal institutions that help to maintain law and order in a place
Environmental Injustice Occurs when certain groups cary a larger share of environmental risks and hazards than groups who have the power to influence decisions about the environment
Environmental Racism Occurs when areas inhabited by lower-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination
Environmental Justice The movement to fix environmental discrimination
Squatter Settlement An area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing
Land Tenure The right to own or hold property; it defines the ways in which rights to that property are managed
Inclusionary Zoning (IZ) Municipal and country planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes
Exclusionary Zoning Zoning that attempts to keep lower to moderate income people out of a neighborhood
NIMBY Abbreviation for "Not in My Backyard"; term for people who try to prevent construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood
Below Market Rate House Housing that costs much less than the going rate
Urban Renewal Large-scale redevelopment of the built environment in downtown and older inner-city neighborhoods
Fiscal Imbalance Occurs when a government must spend more than it receives in taxes
Fiscal Zoning The practice of using local land-use regulations to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base
Ecological Footprint The total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment
Urban Heat Island A mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities that sits over a city
Urban Footprint The spatial extent of an urban area's impacts on the natural environment
Urban Risk Divide The idea that disasters and disaster risk become urban phenomena as the world's population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities
Brownfields Properties whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants
Brownfield Remediation The process of removing or sealing off contaminants so that a site may be used again without any health concerns
Phytoremediation The removal of contaminants with plant species that react with or degrade contaminants or draw contaminants from the soil into shoots and leaves
Farmland Protection Policy Act (FPPA): U.S. Law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland
Scattered Developments Subdivisions or developments that do not border on existing settlements and that remove agricultural land from protection
Megacity A city that has a very large and growing population of over 10 million people.
Metacity Urban area with over 20 million people and are ranked by population size, whereas world cities are ranked in order of their importance to the global economy
Created by: user-1760874
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