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APUSH Final Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Colombian Exchange | a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life. (1491-1607) |
| Pueblo Revolt | Pueblo Indians rose up against Spanish missionaries and settlers; established a short-lived confederacy August 10, 1680 |
| Roanoke | The Lost Colony — England's First Colony in North America on Roanoke Island. 1585–1590. Roanoke Colony was the first English colony established in the New World. The colony was located on Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina |
| Jamestown | In 1607, English men arrived in North America to start a settlement. On May 13 they picked Jamestown, Virginia for their settlement. The settlement became the first permanent English settlement in North America. |
| Bacons Rebellion | An uprising that took place in colonial Virginia from 1675-1677. Nathaniel Bacon and his army of indentured servants (and slaves) attacked Jamestown and demanded the governors resignation for his tyranny. This made slave more preferred |
| Mayflower Compact | An agreement among the pilgrims of Plymouth Plantation to establish a body politic and obey the riles of the governors that they chose November 11, 1620 |
| John Winthrop | English Puritan Lawyer who was the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and wanted to create a Protestant church to escape religious persecution (wanted separation from the Anglican Church) |
| Halfway Covenant | A allowed the children of baptized but unconverted church members to be baptized and thus become church members and have political rights |
| Harvard and Yale Purpose | Massachusetts Puritans established Harvard. The Virginians established their first college, William & Mary, in 1693.Yale was founded in New Haven, Connecticut. |
| Roger William and Anne Hutchinson | People that disagreed with the Puritan Church in MBC. She was banned from the colony, took part in the formation of Rhode Island, displayed the importance of questioning authority. |
| First Great Awakening | revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 1730s and the 1770s |
| Mercantilism | The goal of mercantilist economic policy is to export more goods than you import, so that you bring more money into the country than you send out to other nations (Support mother country) |
| Purpose of colonial cities | central markets for colonies' crops, ores, and other output, and they stimulated the colonial "industry" of artisans and craftsmen. Finally, each port city was a center of the colony's political, social, religious, and intellectual life. |
| Virtual Representation | members elected to Parliament represented the whole British empire, not specific people or geographic locations |
| Actual Representation | the representation in a government by a people that choose that leader |
| French and Indian War | France vs. GB (struggle for world power and land for colony’s and mercantilism) |
| Salutary Neglect | parliamentary rules and laws were loosely or not enforced on the American colonies and trade |
| Proclamation of 1763 | proclamation declared that colonists could not settle west of the the Appalachian Mountains |
| Sugar Act | taxing sugar, molasses, and other goods, it banned some exports to foreign countries, and established strict restrictions on imports and exports. |
| Stamp Act | taxed newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, broadsides, legal documents, dice, and playing cards |
| Intolerable Acts | a series of laws passed by Parliament after the Boston Tea Party. They were meant to reign in disobedience, resistance, and violence in America |
| First Continental Congress | a compact among the colonies to boycott British goods beginning on December 1, 1774 (Met on September 5, 1774) |
| Second Continental Congress | appointed George Washington as commander of the Continental Army, and authorized the raising of the army. July 4, 1776, Congress issued the Declaration of Independence, for the first time asserted the colonies' intention to be fully independent of GB |
| Olive Branch Petition | On July 8, 1775, colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, |
| Battle of Yorktown | 1781The Battle of Yorktown in 1781 was the last major battle of the American Revolutionary War. Fought in and around Yorktown, Virginia, American forces defeated the British, forcing them to surrender and sign Articles of Capitulation on October 19, 1781. |
| Revolutionary War- Why did France support us? | the war for independence of the thirteen colonies from Great Britain. The war was fought on American soil from 1775-1783. French supported because saw it as an opportunity to contest British power by supporting a new British opponent. |
| Articles of Confederation- Why were they so weak? | the written document that established the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain. established a weak central government and placed most powers in the hands of the states. |
| Land Ordinance 1785 | law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers and raise money. Part of the Articles of Confederation. |
| Shay’s Rebellion | armed protests that occurred in Massachusetts between 1786 and 1787, led by a veteran of the Revolutionary War, Daniel Shays .Caused by the heavy debt and high taxes faced by farmers and smallholders in the state WEAK AOC bc there is no formal military |
| WASHINGTON | 1788-1796/ Federalists ideals (didn't take a formal side)/ Pinckney Treaty (Mississippi River access from Spain)/ Revolutionary War/ Jays Treaty/ Whiskey Rebellion/ Impressment/ Approves Hamiltons Economic Plan |
| Hamilton’s Financial Plan | 1) the federal assumption of state debts, 2) the creation of a Bank of the United States, and 3) support for the new nation's emerging industries. |
| Jay Treaty | 1794 addressed differences between GB and US. British were impressing American sailors/ causing problems in the west, to prevent war in the treaty British promised to remove troops from American territories |
| Whiskey Rebellion | 1791-1794 a violent tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. |
| ADAMS | 1796-1800 Federalist/ XYZ Affair/ Alien and Sedation Acts/ Kentucky and Virginia PLan, Appoints John Marshal as Supreme Court Justice/ Built up the Navy |
| XYZ Affair | 1797-1798 The envoys were approached by three French agents, who became known as X, Y, and Z, and were asked to pay a bribe and make a loan to the French government in exchange for negotiating a treaty. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | July 6 1798 tightened restrictions on foreign-born Americans and limited speech critical of the government |
| KY and VA Resolutions | 1798-1799 helped establish the practice of being able to declare acts of federal government as unconstitutional . opposed federal Alien and Sedition Acts, which extended the powers of the federal government |
| JEFFERSON | 1800-1808 Dem Rep/ The Louisiana Purchase (doubled American Territory)/ Revolution of 1800/ 1st use of US military against Barbary states/ Lewis and Clark Expedition |
| Election of 1800 | established the peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another as a powerful norm in US politics. |
| Marbury v Madison | 1803 Supreme Court case in which John Marshall established the principle of Judicial Review, which grants the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional |
| Louisiana Purchase | 1803 land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million dollars |
| Embargo Act | 1807-09law passed by Congress forbidding exports of goods from the US. GB and France were impressing US men. The U.S. wasn’t prepared to fight in a war, so Jefferson tried weakening GB and France by stopping trade, ended up hurting US economy more |
| MADISON | 1808-1816 Rep/ War of 1812/ Non-intercourse Act/ Battle of Tippecanoe/ National Bank/ Industrial Growth |
| War of 1812 Causes | GB order that any merchant ship on a French port was ordered to search and seizure (limited trade with Europe), western expansion, impressment, Native American Policy (co existence, removal and reservations, reorganization, termination, self determination |
| War of 1812 Effects | 1813 Treaty of Ghent- summer peace treaty with GB and US, mentions nothing with impressment and neutral rights |
| Hartford Convention | Feds meet, want strict interpretation, get rid of 3/5 comp (gives S. more votes), no presidents from same states with a limit of 1 term, 2/3 vote to go to war, admit a new state, N. talks about succession (they get canceled and kicked out) |
| MONROE | 1816-1824 Democrat, Era of Good Feelings/ Panic of 1819/ Monroe Doctrine 1823/ Missouri Compromise 1820/ Reestablishment of National Bank |
| Era Of Good Feelings | 1815-1824 preceded the Jacksonian Era. The Era of Good Feelings was marked by a sense of nationalism and patriotism following the War of 1812 and the signing of the Treaty of Ghent |
| Battle of Saratoga | The American defeat of the superior British army lifted patriot morale, furthered the hope for independence, and helped to secure the foreign support needed to win the war. |
| Erie Canal | 1825 350 miles, linking port of NY city with the entire Great Lakes region. NY city quickly became the no1 commercial city in the US. the Erie canal was a powerful example of the economic impact of the transportation revolution |
| American System | After the war of 1812 a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture. |
| Missouri Compromise | admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state. It also outlawed slavery above the 36º 30' latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory |
| Monroe Doctrine | 1823 warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs |
| Lowell | 1830 young women moved to the growing city. In the mills, female workers faced long hours of toil and often grueling working conditions. Yet many female textile workers saved money and gained a measure of economic independence |
| JQA | 1291-1837 Democrat/ Industrial/ Transportation Rev/ Erie Canal 1825/ Corrupt Bargain 1824/ Establishment of a National Univeristy/ Financed Scientific Exploration |
| Corrupt Bargain | 1824. A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State |
| JACKSON | 1829-1837 Democrat/ Spoils System (1828)/ Peticoat Affair (1829)/ Indian Removal Act (1830)/ Trail Of Tears (1838)/ Maysville road Veto (1830)/ Veto of Second Bank |
| Trail of Tears | 1838-1839 Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate west of the Mississippi |
| Bank Veto | 1832, President Jackson vetoed a politically motivated proposal to renew the charter of the second Bank of the United States, the Bank was unconstitutional, a specially privileged institution, and vulnerable to control by foreign investors. |
| Nullification Crisis | 1832–33 over the former's attempt to declare null and void within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 |
| MVB | 1837-1841 Democrat/ Trail of Tears (1838)/ Panic of 1837/ Independent Treasury Act (1840)/ Arbitration Commission/ End of Aroostook War (1839) |
| Independent Treasury Act | 1846 established independent treasury deposit offices separate from private or state banks to receive all government funds |
| Election of 1800 WHH | October 31 to December 3, 1800. In what is sometimes called the "Revolution of 1800", the Democratic-Republican Party candidate, Vice President Thomas Jefferson, defeated the Federalist Party candidate, incumbent president John Adams. |
| Second Great Awakening | religious revival movement that occurred in the United States in the early 19th century. It began around 1790, peaked in the 1820s and 1830s, and ended in the late 1840s.Jan |
| Antebellum Reforms | Moral reform groups promoted temperance, or abstinence from alcohol. Others worked to make basic education available to all or sought to improve conditions in prisons and asylums. |
| Cult of Domesticity | revolved around the women being the center of the family; they were considered "The light of the home" |
| Declaration of Sentiments | 1848 document was based on the Declaration of Independence. It proclaimed that “all men and women are created equal” and resolved that women would take action to claim the rights of citizenship denied to them by men |
| William Loyd Garrison | 1832 he helped organize the New England Anti-Slavery Society, and, the following year, the American Anti-Slavery Society. These were the first organizations dedicated to promoting immediate emancipation. |
| Utopian Experiments | create a society of equality for its members. Gradually, utopian communities came to reflect social perfectibility rather than religious purity. |
| Transcendentalism | A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches |
| Alexis de Tocqueville | warned that modern democracy may be adept at inventing new forms of tyranny because radical equality could lead to the materialism of an expanding bourgeoisie and to the selfishness of individualism. |
| Manifest Destiny | 1840-1850 Manifest Destiny was the belief that America had the “God-given” right to expand from sea to shining sea |
| POLK | 1845-1849 Democrat/ Manifest Destiny (1845)/ Texas Annexation (1845)/ Mexican American War (1847)/ Oregon drive deed on 49th parallel/ Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago/ Sidel Mission Seneca Falls |
| Texas | Texas became a part of the United States because they requested annexation by the united states, but at first was denied because the government did not want to upset the balance of the Missouri Compromise |
| Oregon | stretched from the north tip of California to the 54 40 line |
| Mexican War | a conflict between the United States and Mexico that took place between 1846 and 1848 |
| Compromise of 1850 | admitted California as a free state and established the territories of New Mexico and Utah as territories open to slavery |
| Popular Sovereignty | The doctrine stating that the sovereign people of a territory should themselves determine the status of slavery within that territory. |
| Kansas Nebraska Act | repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty |
| Dred Scott v Sanford | Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court |
| John Brown | A radical abolitionist |
| Election of 1860 | Abraham Lincoln (Republican) won. Although Lincoln received less than 40% of the popular vote, he easily won the Electoral College vote over Stephen Douglas (Democrat), John Breckenridge (Southern Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Union |
| Emancipation Proclamation | 1861-1865 proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten Confederate states still in rebellion |
| Gettysburg Address | 1863 written by President Abraham Lincoln to express the importance of the preservation of the Union during the time of the Civil War. Lincoln was expressing that all men are created equal under the Declaration of Independence. |
| Black Codes | 1865 Codes imposed harsh labor contracts on African American workers, limited their mobility, and denied them access to many public facilities |
| 13th Amendment | 1865, the 13th Amendment was adopted as part of the United States Constitution. The amendment officially abolished slavery, |
| 14th Amendment | 1868 granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to anyone born in the United States or who became a citizen of the country |
| 15th Amendment | 1870 The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude |
| Radical Republicans | political party in which their views were "radical". They were very different from everyone elses. Mainly, they were supporting blacks, and fighting for their cause. Describe Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan. Called the 10% plan |
| Impeachment of Andrew Johnson | The impeachment of Andrew Johnson was initiated on February 24, 1868, when the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution to impeach Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, for "high crimes and misdemeanors". |
| Scalawags | white Southerner who supported the federal plan of Reconstruction or who joined with black freedmen and the so-called carpetbaggers in support of Republican Party policies. |
| Carpetbaggers | Northerners who were present in the South during the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). |
| KKK | Racist white supremacy association |
| Sharecropping | a system where the landlord/planter allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop |
| Why did reconstruction end? | the contested Presidential election of 1876, which put Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in office in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South |
| Jim Crow Laws | state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial On May 18, 1896, the U.S. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | On May 18, 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that separate-but-equal facilities were constitutional |
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