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Muscle System ISSN

Muscular System ISSN

Question	Answer
external mobility	created by skeletal muscle, it includes both motion and locomotion
motion	change of positions due to movement
locomotion	movement from one place to another
internal mobility	occurs with smooth muscle contractions inside the body
smooth muscle	found in hollow organs and blood vessels
cardiac muscle	found in the heart
skeletal muscle	connects to bones and allows us to move
smooth muscle	non-striated
cardiac muscle	striated
skeletal muscle	striated
smooth muscle's nuclei	mono-nucleated
cardiac muscle's nuclei	mono or multi-nucleated
skeletal muscle's nuclei	multi-nucleated
superficial fascia	separates muscle from skin
deep fascia	holds muscles with similar functions together
epimysium	separates muscles into functional groups, reaching past the muscle to the tendon
perimysium	covers the fascicle
endomysium	covers each muscle fiber, it allows vascularization and innervation
tendons	attach muscle to bone
aponeurosis	broad, flat, sheet like tendonous structures attaching muscle to other muscles, skin or bone
tendon sheath	located where tendons pass bony structures
tenosynovitis	inflammation of tendon sheath
retinacula	used to secure tendons in their place...found primarily in wrist, ankle, and knee
origins of muscle	found at the proximal end of a muscle, more stationary,
insertions of muscles	produce movement and are found at the more distal end of a muscle
contractility	shortening of muscle fiber
extensibility	lengthening of muscle fibers
elasticity	ability to return to its original shape
excitability	the ability to contract after receiving a nerve stimulus
sarcomeres	the smallest functional unit of a muscle cell containing actin and myosin
sarcolemma	the cell wall of a muscle cell
sarcoplasm	the muscle cell's cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles
sarcoplasmic reticulum	stores and releases calcium ions needed for creating cross bridges between the actin and myosin proteins
T tubules	channels encircling the z-line and enters the cell transporting calcium ions into and out of the cell to help spread the action potential
myofibril	a single muscle cell or muscle fiber
h-band	the center of the sarcomere, contains only myosin
a-band	lies to either side of the h-band, contains actin and myosin
i-band	lies outside the a-bands, contains only actin
motor unit	a single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers to which it attaches
neuromuscular junction	where the axon of the motor neurons terminate at the sarcolemma os a muscle fiber
acetylcholine (ACh)	the principle neurotransmitter involved in a muscle contraction
all-or-none response	the phenomenon where a stimulation of a fiber causes an action potential to travel over the entire fiber or not to travel at all
hyperflexibility	flexibility beyond a joints normal physiologic limits and contributes to joint instability
muscle spindles	located in the belly of a muscle. a quick ballistic stretch causes the receptor to fire off and produce muscle contractions
golgi tendon organs	located at the musculotendonous junction and fire off when over stretched
slow twitch	red muscles, fatigue resistant
fast twitch	white muscles, fatigue quickly
intermediate	pink muscle
isotonic contraction	the tone or tension of a muscle remains the same but the length of a muscle changes
concentric contraction	occurs when contraction of a muscle results in the shortening of a muscle
eccentric contraction	occurs when muscle experiences resistance as it is lengthened
isometric contraction	the muscle length remains the same while the muscle tension increases
uniarticular	describes a muscle that crosses a single joint
biarticular	describes a muscle that crosses two joints, and acts on both
multiarticular	describes a muscle that crosses more than two joints
parallel fibers	have fibers running along the long axis providing greater ROM, but less strength
fusiform fibers	spindle shaped fibers with a tapered end
circular fibers	fibers used to close openings
pennate fibers	fibers that are short and flare off to the sides on one tendon
prime movers	aka agonists
agonists	main muscles producing a certain desired movement
synergist	muscles that assist the agonist
antagonist	muscles that oppose the prime movers
fixators	aka stabilizers
stabilizers	stabilize surrounding joints so a prime mover can act more efficiently
Sherrington's Law	when a prime mover is stimulated the opposing antagonist cooperates by elongating

Created by: amdi1024 on 2010-05-03

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Muscle System ISSN

Muscular System ISSN