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# Physiology Final
Physiology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which system keeps blood contently supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. | Respiratory |
| Which system allows movement, maintains posture, generates heat and facial expression | Muscular :) |
| Which system breaks down food into smaller units to be absorbed and elimination of waste | Digestive |
| Which system regulates water, maintains electrolyte and acid-base balance, elimination of wastes | Urinary |
| Which system contains glands that secrete hormones to regulate processes such as growth, metabolism, and reporduction | Endocrine |
| Which system returns leaked fluid back to the blood, houses cells which protect the body against attack by foreign substances | Lymphatic |
| Definition of Diffusion | oxygen from the enriched blood moves into oxygen poor cells. |
| Definition of Osmosis | Water moves across the semipermeable cell membrane in an attempt to equalize water content on both sides of the membrane |
| Definition of Filtration | Fluids move from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to low through gaps between cells |
| Definition of Active Transport | Sodium moves across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient which requires energy |
| Definition of Vesicular transport | Acetylcholine is released from a neuron at the neuromuscular junction. |
| Which anatomical system provides protection to external influences, controls temperature, and utilizes UV rays | integumentary system |
| Which anatomical system provide sensation, integration/comprehension, and motor response. | Nervous |
| Which area of the skin is innervated by a particular sensory nerve? | dermatome |
| Tissue type most rapidly reproduces, heals quickly, and does not have blood vessels within the cells' layers | epithelial |
| Which system circulates blood and transports oxygen to cells | Circulatory |
| Why are the effects of aging on the skin important to massage therapists? | client may have increased pain, there is an increased risk of infection to to skin tears, loss of adipose tissue may affect temperature |
| Movement possible at any joint is determined by the shape of the ____A.____ and ____B___ of the muscle fibers which move it, and _____C_____ that cross the joint and finally by the _____D_____ of the muscles that oppose the the movement | a. joint or articular surfaces b. direction c. ligaments/tendon/structures d. tone/relaxation |
| Bone is a storage reservoir for which two important mineral ions | calcium and phosphate |
| T/F Al action potentials vary in intensity depending on the intensity of the stimulus | False All or none |
| Skin has special nerve receptors that allow it to detect t___________, t____________________, p__________ and p __________. | touch, temperature, pain, pressure |
| T/F The primary purpose of sweat is to detoxify the blood. | False temperature reguation |
| T/F Lengthening growth in a long bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate | True |
| Formation of the primary growth center occurs in the _______________ secondary growth center occurs in the __________ | shaft/ diaphysis ends/epiphysis |
| List and explain two functions for all muscle tissues in general | movement heat |
| central nervous system interprets sensory information from | sense organs and sensory neurons in the PNS |
| a negative resting membrane potential is created primarily by differences in charged ions inside and outside a nerve cell | sodium and potassium ions |
| Sensory neurons conduct impulses __________ the CNS, while motor neurons conduct impulses __________ the CNS and integration of impulses occurs ________ the CNS | sensory - to motor - away integration - within |
| Special receptors found in skeletal muscle, tendons, and joints that alert the brain to body movement and changes in the tissue compression and stretch are called _________________ | proprioceptors |
| Patellar (knee jerk) reflex is | somatic reflex |
| Pupil light reflex is | autonomic reflex |
| What are the 3 phases of the stress response? | alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| Description of the alarm phase | flight or flight, short term, sympathetic reaction, increased anxiety, bp, respiration, hr, irritability, fatigue, decrease sleep, immune response, concentration, teeth grinding |
| Description of the resistance phase | hypothalamic activation, long acting homeostatic hormones of adrenal cortex (corticosteroids, cortisol, aldosterone) |
| Description of the exhaustion phase | prolonged stress response, adrenal fatique, depression/rage, sleep disruption, chronic health issues, Abdominal fat, joint problems, reproductive failure, |
| What is the primary function of Testosterone, Estrogen, and Progesterone | sex cells mature, sexual characteristics develop, secondary sexual characteristics mature, follicular proliferation and sexual maturation |
| One one or more hormones that influence blood volume and blood pressure | aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone |
| 1 age related change and 1 massage benefit of the nervous system | Age: loss of slowed monitoring, integration, and motor responses, Massage: stimulating effects, decreased anxiety, pain reduction |
| 1 age related change and 1 massage benefit of the endocrine system | Age: GH decreases, pathologies and diseases Massage: decreased stress response, increased immunity, homeostatic benefits |
| 1 age related change and 1 massage benefit of the reproductive system | Age: decreased testosterone and estrogen, increased bone loss, increase prostate size Massage: reduced stress response related to sexual function |
| Name one or more hormones that influence blood volume and blood pressure | ADH, aldosterone |
| What 2 hormones of the anterior pituitary target the ovaries and testes | LH, FSH |
| T/F Humoral stimulus refers to the stimulation of one endocrine gland from another endocrine gland | False |
| What is the effect on the immune system from a prolonged stress response | suppression/ exhaustion/ reduced effectiveness |
| What are the primary hormones involved in the resistance phase of the stress response | Adrenaline and Cortisol |
| What is the effect of stress on the musculo-skeletal system | increased muscle tension, backache, tension headaches, teeth grinding. Increased protein and lipid mobilization promotes loss of muscle and joint integrity |
| The usual site of embryo implantation is the | uterus |
| What will occur as a result of nondescent of the testes | viable sperm will not be produced, resulting in sterility |
| The menstrual cycle can be divided into 3 continuous phases, starting from the first day of the cycle, their consecutive order is | menstrual, proliferative, secretory |
| secondary sex characteristics are | a result of male or female hormones increasing at puberty |
| the sex of a fetus is determined by | the sex chromosome contained in the sperm |
| Endocrine chemical messengers are much --- than ---- the other system maintaining homeostasis. | slower and prolonged nervous |
| Endocrine glands make ______ whereas neurons make messengers called ____. | hormones neurotransmitters |
| Cells that recognize, remember and destroy specific targets | acquired |
| Antigens produced by plasma cells stimulate additional defensive responses | humoral immunity |
| Secretions that wash or contain enzymes that inhibit or destroy microbial proliferation | non-specific |
| a genetically determined immunity or resistance present at birth | innate immunity |
| antibodies transferred through ingestion of breast mil or serum injection | acquired immunity |
| Describe the difference between a primary and a secondary immune response. | Primary "low and slow" secondary "rapid" threat stress response |
| What accounts for the declining efficiency of the immune system with age? | atrohy of thymus gland dec. T lymphocyte numbers, B cells dec and are less responsive, dec in natural killer cells = increase in cellular malignancies and autoimmune disorders |
| 6 ways in which infections may be acquired | direct physical contact, open wound, injection, penetration of infectious agent, indirect contact via materials, ingestion |
| A person who has received a transfusion of plasma has received | electrolytes, albumin, nutrients |
| Describe 2 distributive functions of blood | 1. distributes oxygen and nutrients to tissues and cells 2. metabolites from tissues / cells |
| Describe 2 regulatory functions of blood | 1. regulates temperature 2. acid base balance 3. water volume |
| Describe 2 protective functions of blood | 1. protects against blood loss through clotting 2. protects against disease through immunity |
| One hemoglobin molecule can transport ___ molecule(s) of oxygen | 4 |
| What is the hormone which regulates the production of red blood cells? | Erythropoietin |
| In the process of hemostasis or blood clot formation, what is the correct sequence? | Vascular spasm>platelet plug formation> clotting |
| T/F Pacemaker cells of the heart depolarize due to an influx of calcium | True |
| T/F Vagus nerve stimulation of the heart reduces heart rate | true |
| T/F sympathetic nerve stimulation of the heart decreases time available for ventricular filling | True |
| T/F Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute | true |
| diastolic pressure is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute | false |
| Describe the P wave of an ECG Trace | atria depolarize |
| Describe the QRS complex of an ECG trace | ventricles depolarization and atria repolarize |
| Describe the T wave of an ECG Trace | repolarization of the ventricles |
| What does the ECG trace measure | ECG is a record of all the electrical activity of the heart at any given time |
| What is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing | tidal volume |
| What is the volume of air in any respiratory passage that cannot participate in gas exchange | dead space volume |
| what is the term for total volume of air in the respiratory system | total lung capacity |
| What is the max volume of exhalation after max inhalation | vital capacity |
| What is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation | expiratory reserve volume |
| Define ingestion | take food into the digestive tract, usually by the mouth |
| Define peristalsis | an action of moving food through the alimentary canal autonomically |
| process including chewing and mixing which break food into smaller pieces | mechanical digestion |
| a series of steps which break complex molecules into more basic building blocks | chemical digestion |
| active transport from intestine to blood or lymph | absorption |
| removal of ingestible substances from the body | defecation |
| What is the primary internal mechanical stimuli for GI activity | Sensory nerves (stretch receptors) detect presence of food as it stretches' tissue walls |
| What is the primary center for regulating food intake | hypothalamus |
| Describe the digestion and absorption of lipids | Lipid digestion begins in the mouth> small intestine with enzymes (lipase)> Bile from liver and lipase from the pancreas emulsify fats into lipids. Lipids absorb through intestinal wall>interstitial spaces>lymph system>circulatory system via thoracic duct |
| Where do you get most of your cholesterol? | Your body makes it |
| What is the functional unit of the kidney | the nephron |
| what are the 3 functions of the renal system | Filtration: filter blood and make filtrate Reabsorption: reabsorb water, electrolytes, and nutrients Secretion: get rid of nitrogenous wastes: uric acid, drugs, metabolites, etc |
| T/F The kidneys receive 25% of total cardiac output per minute | True |
| If you were a kidney, sort your renal filtrate according to your top priorities. (what would you keep in the body?) | water, sugars, proteins, lipids (nutrients), sodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen (electrolytes), bile, formed elements (cells), hormones, enzymes |
| The presence of glucose and ________________ in urine are abnormal | blood cells, bile, proteins |
| T/F Tubular secretion is important for elimination of bile | False |
| Most water is reabsorbed in the | proximal tubule |
| Name 2 hormones which together help kidneys conserve water | Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone |
| When blood pH becomes too acidic, kidney tubules actively secrete more _____ ions. | hydrogen |
Created by:
Zenfenn
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