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Gilded Age APUSH
i beg god for mercy but instead he gives me pageant exams
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Panic of 1873 | Result of black friday scandal, collapse of jay cooke Co. and great chicago fire |
| Thomas Nast | a political cartoonist who turned the public against corrupt democrat of Tammany Hall, William Tweed |
| James A. Garfield & his assassination | 20th president, assassinated by Charles Guiteau because he didn't get a civil service job due to the spoils system |
| The Pendleton Act | Civil Service reform Prohibited hiring office holders based on wealth Established a Civil Service Commission Developed a merit system/exam process in making appointments |
| Grover Cleveland & his ideas | The lone Democrat and vice-president of Garfield turned president, like Republicans utilized laissez-faire economic approach |
| Laissez-faire | abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market. |
| The Panic/Depression of 1893 | A conflict over the value of the nation's currency led lenders to call in their loans. A weakening American currency frightened foreign investors, helping to start a four-year depression. |
| The ‘Solid South’ | all democrat south returns |
| Stalwarts, Half-Breeds, Mugwumps | • Stalwarts – Pro-Spoils System • Half Breeds – Anti-Spoils System • Mugwumps – Anti-Spoils System; Liberal reformers favoring an end to the political corruption & pro-Reconstruction policies to help Blacks |
| Gerrymandering | changing of voting regions |
| The 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments | 13 - no slavery, unless as punishment for crime 14 - born in US? citizen, and you cant take their rights w/o due process 15 - all races may vote, even if previously slave |
| Horizontal/Vertical Integration Pools, Trusts | vertical - person or business controls entire supply chain of an industry. horizontal - the person or business controls one step of supply chain or production process. trust - money given to someone with the intention of using it for others' goods |
| The Bessemer Process | first inexpensive industrial process for mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. |
| Darwin’s Origin of Species | a scientific work on evolution that caused a lot of people to question religious beliefs |
| Social Darwinism | the belief that life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by “survival of the fittest,” kinda supported capitalism |
| Yellow Dog Contracts/Iron Clad Oaths | Basically worker's contracts that made workers give up their rights to work at the place |
| ‘Old’ vs. ‘New’ Immigrants | Old - pre1880/civil war, from western europe. Irish catholics, german protestants/catholics/jew New - post 1880 - southern, eastern european, asia, italians, croats, slovaks, greeks, poles |
| Birds of Passage/Sojourners | BoP - europeans and other immigrants who only came to america for money, then left after they got it S - immigrants who wanted to stay with their own group of people in the states |
| Posse Comitatus Act | 1878, which removed the military from regular civil law enforcement, was enacted in response to the abuses resulting from the extensive use of the army in civil law enforcement during the Civil War and the Reconstruction. |
| Angel Island, Ellis Island | Checkpoints for immigrants Angel Island on the West Coast -> Chinese Immigrants Ellis Island on the East Coast -> European Immigrants |
| Interstate Commerce Act | egulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. |
| The Chinese Exclusion Act | 1881) first act to attack specific enthic group, passed in 1882, prohibiting chinese laborers until 1943 |
| Eugene V. Debs | Attorney General who led the Pullman Strike, NOT A COURT CASE |
| The Dumbbell Tenement | 7-8 stories, poor ventilation, community toilets. basically the shittiest college dorms possible |
| Joseph Glidden | American businessman and farmer. He was the inventor of the modern barbed wire. |
| Frederick Jackson Turner | According to Frederick Jackson Turner (1895), the Frontier was closed by 1890 (The Significance of the Frontier on American History) |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | July 2, 1890 - antitrust law which prescribes the rule of free competition among those engaged in commerce, passed by John Sherman |
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) | required the government to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver every month to mint coins and to back paper currency. |
| McKinley Tariff (1890) | increased average duties across all imports from 38% to 49.5%. increased the taxes on most imported goods while eliminating taxes on luxury items. |
| The Panic of 1893 | affected every sector of the economy, led to the political realignment of 1896 and the presidency of William McKinley. due to The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company failing |
| Coxey’s Army Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894)/Dingley Tariff (1897) | CAWGT - slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% tax on income over $4,000. DT - raise rates and encourage trade reciprocity. |
| The graduated income tax | tax brackets where tax rates increase as income increases. in the 1800s, Those with an annual income between $600 and $10,000 were taxed at the rate of 3 percent while those earning over $10,000 paid 5 percent. |
| Greenback Labor Party (Goals) | an American political party with an anti-monopoly ideology which was active between 1874 and 1889. Focused upon repeal of the Specie Resumption Act of 1875 and the renewed use of non-gold-backed United States Notes |
| Pollock v. Farmer’s Loan & Trust Co. | court voided portions of the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 that imposed a direct tax on the incomes of American citizens and corporations, thus declaring the federal income tax unconstitutional. |
| ‘Raise less corn & more hell’ | trenchant remark which Mary Elizabeth Lease supplied to the Populist movement of the 1890's. |
| Omaha Platform Farmers’ Alliances (& reasons for failure) | |
| Extermination of the Plains Indians – Role of the Buffalo | Buffalo were the main food source of the Plains natives, so as colonizers began hunting them to near extinction, natives also began to starve |
| Black Friday | a securities market panic that occurred on September 24, 1869, as a result of plummeting gold prices. The crash was a consequence of an attempt by financier Jay Gould and railway magnate James Fisk to corner the gold market and drive up the price |
| Credit Mobilier | a two-part fraud conducted from 1864 to 1867 by the Union Pacific Railroad and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company in the building of the eastern portion of the first transcontinental railroad. |
| Salary Grab Act, | included a 50 percent salary increase for the president and members of Congress, retroactive to the beginning of the term, which was the most highly contested provision in the bill. Public outcry led Congress to rescind the congressional salary increase. |
| Whiskey Ring, | May 1875, Liquor taxes laundered |
| Belknap Bribery | (1876) Secretary of War W.W. Belknap took bribes from companies/traders in exchange for allowing them to sell and trade on reservations with Native Americans. |
| The End of Reconstruction: The Election of 1876 & Compromise of 1877 | 1876 election, Hayes won. 1877 - Grant had removed Reconstruction troops from all but 3 South states, & Southern politics began removing any gains Blacks had made in terms of Civil Rights. Compromise of 1877 ends Military Reconstruction |
| Rutherford B. Hayes & Samuel Tilden | 1876 presidential election Republican hayes vs democratic tilden Hayes lost popular vote but won electoral vote by 1 vote Hayes wins |
| Jim Crow Laws | state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation |
| Civil Rights Cases (& the 14th Amendment) | Civil rights cases (1883) - cant restrict the rights of a business, its a person, but businesses can restrict black rights The 14th amendment - all americans get same civil rights, but supreme court only applies it to restrictions on fed gov |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Case that highlights the failure of reconstruction, says that segregation is ok as long as its equal (wayyy too vague) |
| Commonwealth v. Hunt | a landmark ruling of the ma supreme court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers. |
| Munn v. Illinois | public regulation of private business involved in serving public interest was deemed constitutional |
| The Wabash Case | states didnt have right to regulate interstate commerce, blow to munn decision Led to Interstate Commerce Act (1887), set up ICC |
| Booker T. Washington: The Atlanta Compromise | A speech he delivered basically saying that black people could learn to do just fine on their own as freed men, just that white people give em space |
| Booker T. Washington: Accomodationism/Gradualism | begrudgingly accepted segregation, Advocated that black people learn useful skills to earn self respect, economic equality |
| W.E.B. Dubois: Confrontationalism/Interracialism | Demanded immediate social and economic equality for blacks and end to segregation |
| W.E.B. Dubois: Talented Tenth, | the necessity for higher education to develop the leadership capacity among the most able 10 percent of black Americans. |
| W.E.B. Dubois: The Niagara Movement, | formed opposition to booker t, a foundation for NAACP (1910) |
| W.E.B. Dubois: NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - aimed to secure for all people the rights guaranteed in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution |
| Andrew Carnegie, | dominated the iron & steel industry (U.S. Steel) in the late 19th century, mainly operating in the Pittsburgh area |
| John D. Rockefeller, | entered oil refining business in the 1860’s & soon became one of the nation’s industrial giants. His Standard Oil Co. bought competitors or drove them out of business, gaining almost compete control of the refining, transportation, & distribution of oil. |
| J.P. Morgan, | headed the largest private banking & securities house in the U.S. In 1901, Morgan & his associates purchased the Carnegie Steel Co. & merged it with other steel producers to form the huge U.S. Steel Co., the nation’s first billion-dollar company. |
| James B. Duke, | him & his brother Benjamin formed the American Tobacco Co., absorbing competitors by threatening to ruin them through price wars |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt, | 1869 - consolidated a number of short lines between NY & Buffalo to form the country’s first great RR system, the NY Central. He pioneered the use of steel rails & bridges. |
| Philip Armour/Nelson Morris/Gustavus Swift | pioneers in the development of the meat-packing industry. Refrigerated RR cars transported the meat to all parts of the country. |
| National Labor Union, | 1st nationally organized union 1866-1872, 600,000 members Goals: social reform, shorter work days, arbitration of industrial disputes |
| Knights of Labor, | 1869-1886 Terrence powderly Skilled and unskilled workers, women and black people included haymarket square bombing discredited this union and it fell apart |
| American Federation of Labor | (1886-1955) ~ Samuel Gompers • Better wages, hours, & working conditions • Only included skilled laborers |
| People’s Party of the USA/Populist Party: Goals, People, Accomplishments, Failure? | Catered to farmers and laborers' interests. So. Alliance wanted to gain control of the Democratic Party • Why it failed ^ No. Alliance ran 3rd party candidates • Brought new issues to national attention |
| The Great Railroad Strike, | (1877) – First nationwide strike |
| The Haymarket Square Bombing, | A worker-led riot and bombing that was blamed on the knights of labor |
| Homestead Strike, | (1892) – Carnegie’s Steel Plant near Pittsburgh • Use of Pinkerton Detectives |
| The Molly Maguires | (mostly) a group of gang-like irish coal workers who used violence against violence |
| The Chivington/Sand Creek Massacre, | (Colorado, 1864) massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by the U.S. Army in the American Indian Wars |
| Battle of Little Big Horn, | About 350 troops killed. Gen. George Armstrong Custer Chief Sitting Bull |
| Battle of Wounded Knee, | Also known as the Wounded Knee Massacre. About 150 Sioux killed. |
| The Dawes Severalty Act, | 1887) - movement from reservation to assimilation: 160 acres per head of household for farming Land held for 25 years, Indians receive citizenship & land title Shift from tribal ownership to individual ownership Attempts to “legally” take Native land |
| Mary Elizabeth Lease, | Founder of the Populist (Peoples') Party "Raise less corn & more hell" |
| James B. Weaver, | Founder of the Populist (Peoples') Party Presidential Candidate - Won 22 electoral votes |
| Tom Watson | Founder of the Populist (Peoples') Party Leader in the South |
| The Election of 1896: Marcus Hanna, | A friend and political ally of President William McKinley, Hanna used his wealth and business skills to successfully manage McKinley's presidential campaigns in 1896 and in 1900. |
| The Election of 1896: Death of the Populist Party, | William Jennings Bryan, populist elective, lost the election, ending all of the farmer's hopes and decreasing the party's popularity |
| The Election of 1896: William Jennings Bryan & William McKinley, | McKinley won |
| Greenbacks, | Paper money Farmers wanted to inflate these notes to cover losses. |
| Bimetalllism, | a system of allowing the unrestricted currency of two metals (e.g. gold and silver) as legal tender at a fixed ratio to each other. |
| 16 to 1 | the arbitrary ratio of the number of ounces of silver equal in value to one ounce of gold in the bi-metallic monetary system established by Portugal in 1688 |
| The ‘Cross of Gold’ Speech | Speech given by William Jennings Bryan Blasted the gold standard "You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." |
| Grangers: Political & Social goals, Original purpose, Primary target of the movement | Org in 1870s, midwest, south and texas as a fraternal organization, NOT political Set up cooperative associations Social and educational components Succeeded in lobbying for granger laws Rapidly declined by late 1870s |
| Oliver Hudson Kelley | helped found the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, the nation's largest agricultural fraternity. |
| Native American Issues: A Century of Dishonor | a non-fiction book by Helen Hunt Jackson first published in 1881 that chronicled the experiences of Native Americans in the United States |
| The Oklahoma Land Grab/Sooners/89ers | an event in which previously restricted land of the United States was opened to homestead on a first-arrival basis. Lands were opened and sold first-come or by bid 89ers and sooner are people that participated in it |
| Boss Tweed & Tammany Hall | William Magear Tweed (April 3, 1823 – April 12, 1878) - political boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party's political machine that played a major role in politics of 19th-century New York City and state. really corrupt |
| gold standard | a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. |
| Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) | Court ruled protection of “labor” was not a federal, but a state responsibility, under the 14th Amendment |
| Grandfather Clauses | laws put in place in the South after the U.S. Civil War to prevent African Americans from voting. New laws governing who could and could not vote were implemented that required literacy tests, owning property, and the payment of poll taxes. |
| Big Biz - Advantages | modern, efficient plants up-to-date, specialized machinery -Production costs down for big raw material purchases Pushes scientific research nationwide distribution networks industrial waste into useful by-products +sales thru ads |
| Big Biz - Disadvantages | 1) Tendency to become monopolistic 2) Destroys competition – ‘Vertical’ & ‘Horizontal’ Integration, Pools, Trusts 3) Drive out small businesses 4) Concentrates enormous wealth & power in the hands of a few 5) excessive power over government officials |
| Pullman Strike, | (1894) – Led by Eugene V. Debs, Attorney General Richard Olney sends federal troops • The first time a government injunction • Striking made a crime (not previously defined as illegal) |
| The Gospel of Wealth |
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