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CHAPTER 13 GEN PSYCH
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave. | Personality |
| value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior. | Character |
| the enduring characteristics with which each person is born. | Temperament |
| Four Perspectives in Study of Personality | • Psychoanalytic • Behavioristic (including social cognitive theory) • Humanistic • Trait perspectives |
| Founder of the psychoanalytic movement in psychology. | Sigmund Freud |
| Men were understood to be unable to control their "animal" desires at times, and a good Victorian husband would father several children with his wife and then turn to a mistress for sexual comfort, leaving his virtuous wife untouched. | Europe during the Victorian age. |
| Women, especially those of the upper classes, were not supposed to have sexual urges. – Backdrop for this theory | Europe during the Victorian age. |
| level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious. | Preconscious mind |
| level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions. | Conscious mind |
| level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness. – Can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue. | Unconscious mind |
| part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious. | Id |
| the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society’s standards for behavior. | Libido |
| principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences. | Pleasure principle |
| part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical. | Ego |
| principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result. | Reality principle |
| part of the personality that acts as a moral center. | Superego |
| part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior. | Ego ideal |
| part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal. | Conscience |
| unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety. | Psychological defense mechanisms |
| psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation. | Denial |
| psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind. | Repression |
| psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior. | Rationalization |
| psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings. | Projection |
| psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others. | Reaction formation |
| redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one. | Displacement |
| psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations. | Regression |
| defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety. | Identification |
| defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area. | Compensation (substitution) |
| channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior. | Sublimation |
| disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage. | Fixation |
| Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child. | Psychosexual stages |
| first stage occurring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict. Id dominated. | Oral stage |
| second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict. Ego develops. | Anal stage |
| a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile. | Anal expulsive personality |
| a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn. | Anal retentive personality |
| third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Superego develops. | Phallic stage |
| situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent. | Oedipus complex |
| defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety. | Identification |
| fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways. | Latency |
| sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets. | Genital |
| Freud’s term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it. | Psychoanalysis |
| has found support for the five- factor model of personality traits in a number of different cultures. | Neo-Freudians |
| developed a theory of a collective unconscious. | Jung |
| Jung’s name for the unconscious. mind as described by Freud. | Personal unconscious |
| Jung’s name for the memories shared by all members of the human species. | Collective unconscious |
| Jung’s collective, universal human memories. | Archetypes |
| proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality and developed birth order theory. | Adler |
| developed a theory based on basic anxiety and rejected the concept of penis envy. | Horney |
| anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults. | Basic anxiety |
| maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney’s theory. | Neurotic personalities |
| developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span. | Erikson |
| Current research has found support for | – Defense mechanisms – Concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior |
| Other concepts cannot be scientifically researched. | |
| define personality as a set of learned responses or habits. | Behaviorists |
| theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people’s behavior and of a person’s own expectancies on learning. | Social cognitive learning theorists |
| learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models. | Social cognitive view |
| Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior. | Reciprocal determinism |
| individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (NOT the same as self-esteem). | Self-efficacy |
| the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice. | Humanistic perspective |
| Developed as a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism. | Humanistic perspective |
| The striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities. | Self-actualizing tendency |
| the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life. | Self-concept |
| archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality. | Self |
| one’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities. | Real self |
| one’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be. | Ideal self |
| warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life. | Positive regard |
| positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached. | Unconditional positive regard |
| positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish. | Conditional positive regard |
| a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings. | Fully functioning person |
| theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior. | Trait theories |
| a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving. | Trait |
| first developed a list of about 200 traits and believed that these traits were part of the nervous system | Allport |
| reduced the number of traits to between 16 and 23 with a computer method called factor analysis. | Cattell |
| aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person. | Surface traits |
| the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality. | Source |
| dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation. | Introversion |
| model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions. | Five-factor model (Big Five) |
| one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences. | Openness |
| the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability. | Conscientiousness |
| dimension of personality referring to one’s need to be with other people. | Extraversion |
| people who are outgoing and sociable. | Extraverts |
| people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention. | Introverts |
| the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant. | Agreeableness |
| degree of emotional instability or stability. | Neuroticism |
| Cross-cultural research has found support for the five- factor model of personality traits in a number of different cultures. | Future research will explore the degree to which child-rearing practices and heredity may influence the five personality factors. |
| the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed. | Trait-situation interaction |
| a field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality. | Behavior genetics |
| have found support for a genetic influence on many personality traits. | Twin and adoption studies |
| Although separated shortly after birth and reunited at age 39, they exhibited many similarities in personality and personal habits. | Edward Lewis, otherwise known as the "Jim" twins. |
| Four basic dimensions of personality along which cultures may vary: | – individualism/collectivism – power distance – masculinity/femininity – uncertainty avoidance |
| method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion. | Interview |
| tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements. | Halo effect |
| defense mechanism involving placing, or "projecting," one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself. | Projection |
| personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind. | Projective tests |
| projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli. | Rorschach inkblot test |
| projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli. | Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
| concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person’s perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences. This is a problem with projective tests. | Subjective |
| assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting. | Direct observation |
| assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale. | Rating scale |
| assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted. | Frequency count |
| paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test. | Personality inventory |
| based on the five-factor model | NEO-PI |
| based on Jung’s theory of personality types. | Myers-Briggs Type Indicator |
| paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test. | Personality inventory |
| designed to detect abnormal personality. | MMPI-2 |
| Personality Tests and Internet | • There are numerous personality tests available on the Internet. • Not all equal in quality, reliability, or validity. • Lack of professional interpretation of the results of such tests. |
Created by:
chacham
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