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Psych Ch 11 Vocab
Personality
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| personality | an individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations |
| psychodynamic theories | personality theories contending that behavior results from psychological forces that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness |
| unconscious | in Freud's theory, all the ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are not and normally cannot become aware |
| psychoanalysis | the theory of personality Freud developed as well as the form of therapy he invented |
| id | in Freud's theory of personality, the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression |
| pleasure principle | according to Freud, the way in which that id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct |
| ego | Freud's term for the part of the personality that mediates between environmental demands (reality), conscience (superego), and instinctual needs (id); now often used as a synonym for "self" |
| reality principle | according to Freud, the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world |
| superego | according to Freud, the social and parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscience and the ego ideal |
| ego ideal | the part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be |
| libido | according to Freud, the energy generated by the sexual instinct |
| fixation | according to Freud, a partial or complete halt at some point in the individual's psychosexual development |
| oral stage | first stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which the infant's erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue |
| anal stage | second stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which a child's erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination |
| phallic stage | thrid stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which erotic feelings center on the genitals |
| Oedipus complex/Electra complex | according to Freud, a child's sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs in the phallic stage |
| latency period | in Freud's theory of personality, a period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex; occurs after the phallic stage |
| genital stage | in Freud's theory of personality development, the final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality |
| personal unconscious | in Jung's theory of personality, one of the two levels of the unconscious; it contains the individual's repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas |
| collective unconscious | in Jung's theory of personality, thought forms common to all human beings, stored in the collective unconscious |
| persona | according to Jung, our public self, the mask we put on to represent ourselves to others |
| anima | according to Jung, the female archetype as it is expressed in the male personality |
| animus | according to jung, the male archetype as it is expressed in the female personality |
| extrovert | according to Jung, a person who usually focuses on social life and the external world instead of on his or her internal experience |
| introvert | according to Jung, a person who usually focuses on his or her own thoughts and feelings |
| rational individuals | according to Jung, people who regulate their actions by the psychological functions of thinking and feeling |
| irrational individuals | according to Jung, people who base their actions on perceptions, either through the senses (sensation) or through unconscious processes (intuition) |
| compensation | according to Adler, the person's effort to overcome imagined or real personal weaknesses |
| inferiority complex | in Adler's theory, the fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that results in emotional and social paralysis |
| anxiety | in Horney's theory, the individual's reaction to real or imagined threats |
| neurotic trends | Horney's term for irrational strategies for coping with emotional problems and minimizing anxiety |
| humanistic personality theory | any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning |
| actualizing tendency | according to Rogers, the drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and become what it is inherently capable of becoming |
| self-actualizing tendency | according to Rogers, the drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts, or the images they have of themselves |
| fully functioning person | according to Rogers, an individual whose self-concept closely resembles his or her inborn capacities or potentials |
| unconditioned positive regard | in Rogers's theory, the full acceptance and love of another person regardless of our behavior |
| conditional positive regard | in Rogers's theory, acceptance and love that are dependent on behaving in certain ways and fulfilling certain conditions |
| personality traits | dimensions or characteristics on or in which people differ in distinctive ways |
| factor analysis | a statistical technique that identifies groups of related objects; used by Cattell to identify trait clusters |
| Big Five | five traits or basic dimensions currently thought to be of central importance in describing personality |
| cognitive-social learning theories | personality theories that view behavior as the product of the interaction of cognitins, learning, and past experiences, and the immediate environment |
| expectancies | in Bandura's view, what a person anticipates in a situation or as a result of behaving in certain ways |
| locus of control | according to Rotter, an expectancy about whether reinforcement is under internal or external control |
| self-efficacy | according to Banduar, the expectancy that one's efforst will be successful |
| performance standards | in Bandura's theory, standards that people develop to rate the adequacy of their own behavior in a variety of situations |
| objective tests | personality tests that are administered and scored in a standard way |
| Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire | objective personality test created by Cattell that provides scores on the 16 traits he indentified |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | the most widely used objective personality test, originally intended for psychiatric diagnosis |
| NEO-PI-R | an objective personality test designed to assess the Big Five personality traits |
| projective tests | personality tests, such as that Rorschach inkblot test, consisting of ambiguous or unstructured material |
| Rorschach test | a projective test composed of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots is though to reveal aspects of their personality |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | amprojective test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to write a complete story |
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