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PSYCH-CONSCIOUSNESS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| “SPEED UP” the nervous system also called “uppers” for this reason. | Stimulants |
| Examples of stimulant drugs | (1) amphetamines (2) cocaine (3) nicotine (4) caffeine |
| Examples of depressants | (1) barbiturates or major tranquilizers or sleeping pills (2) benzodiazepines or the minor tranquilizers (3) alcohol |
| drugs that slow the central nervous systems | Depressants |
| Examples of narcotics drugs | (1) Opium (2) Morphine (3) Heroin |
| a class of drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins, the neurotransmitters that naturally deaden pain sensation (Olin, 1993). Are plant – based | Narcotics |
| Examples of Psi Phenomena | extrasensory perception, psychokinesis, poltergeists, apparitions, and out-of-body experiences |
| - it constitutes the subject matter of a field of study called parapsychology – besides psychology | PSI PHENOMENA |
| is a term that designates collectively paranormal events and/or faculties. Paranormal events are those that defy the laws which control the physical world. They are thus attributed to the powers of the mind. | Psi |
| Extrasensory Perception was first used by ______________ in ___________ | Pagestechner, 1924 |
| was first used by Pagestechner in 1924, although modern writers often wrongly assume that J.B. Rhine coined the term in the 1930s (Zingrone & Alvarado, 1987). | Extrasensory Perception |
| Extransensory perception is referred to as the ________ because it makes communication possible without having to resort to the use of any of the five senses | sixth sense |
| 3 Kinds of Extrasensory Perception (ESP) | (1) Telepathy (2) Clairvoyance (3) Precognition |
| By J.B. Rhine, developed at the Parapsychology Laboratory of Duke University | ESP CARDS |
| Consists of _____ cards with ___ different symbols. The probability of guessing the correct answer is one-fifth for each trial. If your score deviates significantly from the chance score, it is most likely due to ESP | 25 cards, 5 different symbols |
| Not classified as part of ESP but much related to ESP, it is the ability to move things by mentally willing them to move without physically touching them. | PSYCHOKINESIS/ TELEKINESIS |
| means that the subject’s responses are limited to a fixed set of alternatives | Restricted-choice ESP test |
| which commonly employs more complex targets than playing cards to capitalize on the richness of the subject’s impressions. | Free-response test |
| an altered state of consciousness is achieved by performing certain rituals and exercises, such as focusing on one’s breathing, assuming yogic positions, concentrating on an object, or reciting a prayer or a mantra. | MEDITATION |
| considered a traditional form of meditation. The meditator is asked to focus on breathing. | Zen meditation |
| a somewhat commercialized form of meditation. | Transcendental meditation (TM) |
| –a special word or sound that the meditator chants and repeats over and over to produce a shift in consciousness | Mantra |
| a feeling that an event is uncannily familiar is common in young adults and less so as people grow older (Brown, 2003). | Déjà vu experience |
| One individual with epilepsy in the temporal cortex experienced a unique sensation called an _____ before each seizure, which included a prolonged feeling of déjà vu. During this aura, the person perceived everything around them as strangely familiar. | Aura |
| 5 Theories of Hypnosis | (1) Hilgard - The Hidden Observer (2) Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis (3) The Activation - Synthesis Hypothesis (4) Activation - information - mode model or AIM |
| a conscious, deliberate effort to refuse to think about or remember certain events or information. | Suppression |
| – hypnosis is a state of dissociation, in which one part of consciousness is hypnotized, while another part is aware. | Hilgard - The Hidden Observer |
| hypnosis is role–playing due to the social situation. | Social-Cognitive Theory of Hypnosis |
| researchers have found evidence that dreams are products of activity in the lower brain stem (Hobson, 1988; Hobson & McCarley, 1977; Hobson et., 2000). | The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis |
| information derived from the ASH | Activation – information – mode model, or AIM |
| this tendency to use information from a person’s daily life may also include information that is being suppressed | Activation – information – mode model, or AIM |
| theye believed that hypnosis is a form of sleep | James Braid and Ivan Pavlov |
| suggested that hypnosis is a sign of hysteria; hence he classified it as a neurological disturbance. | Jean Charcot |
| views hypnosis as a condition characterized by the fact that the subject is in a regressed state and engages in a transference relationshi | psychoanalytic theory |
| construed hypnosis primarily in terms of a role – -enactment in which the subject and the hypnotist can be seen as enacting roles appropriate to their conception of a developing script. | Theodore R. Sarbin in 2004 |
| _____ was discovered in the 1780s by Friedrich Anton Mesmer, who used magnetized water and suggestive techniques to cure his patients. Mesmer believed the cures were due to animal magnetism, but investigations found that they were due to suggestion. | Hypnosis |
| Hypnosis was discovered in the ___________ by _______________ | 1780s, Friedrich Anton Mesmer |
| Theories of Dreaming | (1) Freudian Theory (2) Manifest Content (3) Latent Content (4) Activation-synthesis Hypothesis (5) Activation-information-mode model (6) Dream of Absent-Minded Transgressions (DAMIT) |
| conflict, events, and desires of the past represented in symbolic form in dreams. | Freudian Theory |
| actual dreams and their events | Manifest content |
| symbolic content, according to Freud. | Latent Content |
| cortical association areas synthesize a dream to explain cortical activation by pons. | Activation – synthesis hypothesis |
| information from waking hours can influence dream synthesis. | Activation – information – mode model |
| the tendency of people to dream about information that they have suppressed in waking hours. | Dream of Absent-Minded Transgressions (DAMIT) |
| originator of Gestalt therapy, considered most dreams a special message about what is missing in our lives, what we avoid doing, or feelings that need to be renowned (Coon, 1986). He called dreams the royal to integration. | Fritz Perls |
| a prominent Filipino clinical psychologist and hypnotherapist, believes that dreams take their origin from the unconscious. To understand a dream, therefore, the dreamer can ask the unconscious. | Jaime Bulatao |
| dreams are called to be precognitive or prophetic dreams. | Joseph in the Book of Genesis |
| It refers to a type of mental activity that takes place under certain conditions, resembling daydreaming or wandering of the mind. | Neurocognitive Theory |
| brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only seconds | MICROSLEEPS |
| it is the loss of sleep, is a serious problem, which many people have without realizing it. | SLEEP DEPRIVATION |
| conserves energy and keeps animals safe from night predators. (When and why, we sleep). | Adaptive theory |
| opportunity to restore systems, cell tissue growth/repair. | Restorative theory |
| a transitional phase of unease and inefficiency can occur when one's internal rhythm is not in sync with the surrounding environment | Jet lag |
| ____________ typically results in more severe jet lag than westward travel. | Eastward Travel |
| characterized by an uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep | Narcolepsy |
| characterized by breathing difficulty and even cessation of breathing while the person is asleep. Breathing may stop from 20 seconds to 2 minutes. The sleeper has to wake up several times throughout the night to gulp in the air but may not be aware of it | Sleep apnea |
| occur during stages 3 and 4. When awakened, the sleeptalker and sleepwalker will remember very little because stages 3 and 4 are considered deep stages of sleep. | Sleepwalking/ somnambulist and sleep talking |
| are a rare disorder, although are more likely in children and are likely to disappear as the child grows older (Garland & Smith, 1991). | Night Terrors |
| uncomfortable sensations in legs causing movement and loss of sleep. | Restless Leg Syndrome |
| painful crams in calf or foot muscles | Nocturnal Leg Cramps |
| excessive daytime sleepiness. | Hypersomnia |
| urinating while asleep in bed. | Enuresis |
| “lack of sleep”, is not enough sleep for the person to feel rested the next day | Insomnia |
| patients may experience prolonged and repetitive leg movements accompanied by uncomfortable sensations, commonly known as "creepy-crawly" feelings during the first half of the night, possibly leading to awakening | Periodic limb movement disorder |
| which are bad dreams, are a far more dangerous proposition than sleepwalking. | Nightmares |
| a serious condition (Shafton, 1995). | REM behavior disorder |
| The ______________, located at the base of the brain, generates the circadian rhythm, which is reset by information from the optic nerves, but not created by it | suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| *was once referred to as “the gentle tyrant” (Webb, 1992). *to replenish the energy that was used up after a day’s work | SLEEP |
| the increase in motor cortex activity before a movement begins | READINESS POTENTIAL |
| 4 BRAIN MEASUREMENTS TO INFER CONSCIOUSNESS | *Brain death *Coma *Vegetative State *minimally conscious state |
| Removing life support is considered ethical when the brain shows no activity or response to any stimulus. | Brain death |
| - is caused by traumatic brain damage and results in a low level of brain activity and unresponsiveness to stimuli, including pain. Recovery or death usually occurs within weeks | Coma |
| is characterized by minimal responsiveness, including a heightened heart rate in response to pain | Vegetative state |
| Individuals in a vegetative or minimally conscious state have short bouts of purposeful actions and comprehension of speech, which may persist for extended periods ranging from months to years | Minimally conscious state |
| experiment involves briefly showing a word or stimulus on the screen, followed or preceded by another stimulus that interferes with perception | Masking |
| If the interfering stimulus only follows the original stimulus, it is called _______ | Backward masking |
| The other dots rapidly flashing causes the yellow dot to disappear momentarily, a phenomenon known as ______________ | Flash suppression |
| The term for alternating between viewing the patterns in the left and right retinas. | Binocular rivalry |
| Modern Methods to Measure Brain Activity | (1) Electroencephalography (EEG) (2) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) (3) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (4) Electrocorticography (ECoG) (5) Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) (6) Event-Related Potentials |
| - records the electrical signals from the scalp to detect neuronal cells' activity on the brain's larger masses. | Electroencephalography (EEG) |
| - detects magnetic fields using sensitive magnetic sensors | Magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
| it quantifies the blood-oxygen-level-dependent contrast of the brain, representing neural activity in different areas. | Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
| however, records electrical signals from electrodes implanted on the surface of smaller groups of neurons. | Electrocorticography (ECoG) - |
| hereas CAT and positron emission tomography (PET) scans employ X-rays or radioactive tracers to produce images of brain structure and function, respectively. | Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) - |
| measure the brain's response to specific stimuli or events, while MEG detects magnetic fields using sensitive magnetic sensors | Event-Related Potentials (ERP) |
| the awareness of internal and external stimuli. | Consciousness |
| includes thoughts, sensations, and feelings. In which their thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized, and they feel alert. | Waking consciousness |
| Occurs when there is a shift in the quality or pattern of people’s mental activity (Tart, 1986). | ALTERED STATES |
| s people’s awareness of everything that is going on around them and inside their own head at any given moment. (Farthing, 1992). | CONSCIOUSNESS |
| As the subjective experience of perceiving oneself and one’s surroundings. | CONSCIOUSNESS |
| asserts that consciousness is both intrinsic and higher -order because it can reflect on itself, influencing his middle -ground approach to the second issue. | Aristotle |
| believed that consciousness belongs to the ideal world and that our thoughts create perfect mental images of concepts and ideas, which become imperfect when we try to bring them into the real world | Plato |
| introduced the philosophical concept known as Cartesian dualism, which gave rise to the well-known maxim “cogito ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am). | René Descartes |
| characterizes state consciousness as 'psychological' | Immanuel Kant |
| perspective on consciousness, known as structuralism, suggested that the most effective way to comprehend consciousness is by dissecting it into its fundamental elements, similar to how a chemist examines the composition of a molecule. | Wilhelm Wundt |
| The concept of "stream of consciousness" was initially introduced by psychologist ___________ in his seminal work, "The Principles of Psychology," published in 1893. | William James |
| pioneered the concept of Neural Correlates of Consciousness (NCCs) with a materialistic approach, aiming to explain consciousness at the neural level. | Francis Crick and Christof Koch |
| He relates state consciousness to inner experience, stating that 'Inner experience contains the material of consciousness and a manifold of empirical inner intuition' | Immanuel Kant |
| characterized consciousness as an unbroken and continuous process, which can be likened to a flowing river or a stream | William James |
| MANUFACTURED HIGHS: | LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide • MDMA (ECSTACY |
| NONMANUFACTURED HIGHS: | • MESCALINE - FOUND ON PEYOTE CACTUS • PSILOCYBIN – MAGIC MUSHROOM • MARIJUANA |
| fall under the category of psychogenic drugs. | HALLUCINOGENS |
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