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# Physiology 2
Physiology Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1st step in the nerve impulse transmission across a synapse. | stimulus reaches threshold in the axon of a presynaptic neuron, and synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic neuron's cell membrane. |
| 2nd step in the nerve impulse transmission across a synapse. | Neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. |
| 3rd step in the nerve impulse transmission across a synapse. | Neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft become attached to the receptors on the cell membrane of the post synaptic target cell |
| 4th step in the nerve impulse transmission across a synapse. | Attachment of neurotransmitters to membrane receptors results in opening of sodium channels on postsynaptic target cell membranes. |
| 5th step in the nerve impulse transmission across a synapse. | Charged socium ions move into the postsynaptic neuron along concentration and electrical gradients, causing changes to its membrane potential. |
| Is a patellar reflex a somatic reflex or autonomic reflex | somatic |
| Is a pupil light reflex somatic reflex or autonomic reflex | autonomic reflexes |
| Are the effector target cells in skeletal muscles somatic reflexes or autonomic reflex | somatic reflex |
| Are effector target cells in smooth and cardiac muscle somatic reflexes or autonomic reflex | autonomic reflex |
| pain receptor | Norciceptor |
| temperature receptor | Thermoreceptor |
| receptor that senses chemical composition in the blood | Chemoreceptor |
| sensory receptor that receives stimuli from inside the body | interoreceptor |
| Motor outflow for CNS sympathetic nerves is through the | thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves |
| Restin membrane potential of nerve cell in millivolts | -70 millivolts |
| In the nervous system, ACT and Epinephrine/Norepinephrine function as | neurotransmitters |
| 2 regulatory function of the hypothalamus | regulatory center of Autonomic nervous system, body temp, bld pressure, heart rate, water balance, endocrine activity, emotional states, biological drives, |
| T/F A strong action potential is generated by strong stimuli and a weak action potential is generated by weak stimuli | false |
| What function does the muscle spindles which are sensory receptor perform | proprioception stretch reflex alert the brain to amount and speed of stretch |
| Functions of the autonomic nervous system | body temperature digestion blood pressure |
| T/F massage may decrease pain in a positive feedback loop that decreases the pain-spasm cycle. | False |
| How might knowledge of dermatomes be useful to a massage therapist? | Dermatomal symptoms may reveal underlying spinal nerve root irritability and innervated muscles which may be affected |
| Which cranial nerve may be affected following an ischemic stroke the client appears to have asymmetrical smile with 1/2 the face showing markedly decreased movement. | Facial |
| Which cranial nerve may be affected when a person complains of a stiff neck and shoulder area with a spasm that rotates the head on the spine after experiencing a near fall | Accessory |
| Which cranial nerve may be affected when a person has cranial injury and now struggles with one eye that wanders off track | Oculomotor or Abducens |
| Which cranial nerve may be affected after returning from getting a crown on a rear molar, the person experiences extreme pain on their face near the cheek, over the eye and along the jaw of one side | trigeminal |
| The function of the limbic system | emotional response and memory |
| The function of the vestibular cortex | balance and head orientation |
| The function of the cerebrum | conscious awareness of self |
| The function of the Broca's area | language (speech formation) and comprehension |
| The function of insulin on cell metabolism | increase glucose uptake by active transport through cell membrane |
| What are the 3 phases of the stress response | alarm phase, resistance phase, exhaustion phase |
| Alarm phase | short lived, sympathetic nervous system, fight or flight, increased bp, heart rate, blood sugar, muscle tension. norepinephrine, epinephrine, adrenaline |
| Resistance phase | homeostatic long acting hormones of adrenal cortex by hypothalamic activation. Increase bl sugars, suppress immune system, delayed tissue repair, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, teeth grinding, fatigue. Aldosterone, corticosteroids, cortisol |
| Exhaustion phase | prolonged stress results in adrenal fatigue. Systemic extremes; rage depression, insomnia, chronic immune and digestive conditions, reproductive failure, chronic hbp, heart disease. |
| T/F The 1st phase of the stress response is regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system. | False |
| Are glucocorticoids and insulin antagonistic or synergistic? Why? | Antagonistic: glucocorticoids increase blood sugar Insulin decreases blood sugar |
| Are growth hormone and thyroid hormones antagonistic or synergistic? Why | Synergistic Both hormones have similar actions to promote cellular proliferation, maturation, tissue growth and development |
| Benefits and effects of massage for persons experiencing a stress response | Reduce blood pressure, reduce blood sugar, reduce sympathetic nervous system, relax muscle tension. Increase parasympathetic nervous system, promote tissue repair, digestion, and elimination |
| What is the function of Testosterone, Estrogen, and Progesterone | reproduction, sex cells mature, sexual characteristics develop, changes in hair growth, develop secondary sexual characteristics: breast development, vocal chord changes, glandular changes, ovulation and menstration |
| Which 2 hormones of the anterior pituitary target the ovaries and testes | FSH follicle stimulation hormone LH luteinizing hormone |
| Hormones that influence blood volume and blood pressure | Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone |
| Age related change of the nervous system | nervous system activity decreases, neurons degrade |
| Massage related benefits for the nervous system | stimulates nervous system, stretches tissues and promotes nutrient exchange |
| Age related change of the endocrine system | endocrine activity decreases, some become erratic or stop completely |
| Massage benefit for the endocrine system | reduces stress response, homeostatic benefits |
| Age related change of the reproductive system | decrease in functioning in both genders. Menopause, dryness, erectile dysfunction, libido changes |
| Massage benefit for the reproductive system | reduce stress response which may assist function. Pituitary stimulation. Stimulation of conception lines, nausea, childbirth |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Activation of this division increases sexual arousal | parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Activation of this division increases production of tears and saliva | parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Activation of this division increases blood supply to the extremities | sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Activation of this division increases blood pressure and heart rate | sympathetic |
| Functions of the nervous system | Sensory input Integrate, process and interpret sensory input Respond through motor output, glandular output |
| How are the nervous and endocrine system similiar | both send chemical messengers effect tissues and glands |
| How are the nervous and endocrine system different | nervous system: fast action short term effects endocrine: slow acting and longer effects |
| How are the endocrine and reproductive systems similiar | both make steroidal hormones when has an effect outside of their immediate vicinity |
| How are endocrine and reproductive systems different | Reproductive system is inactive until puberty Endocrine system is active throughout our lives |
| How are the nervous and reproductive systems interconnected | through the sympathetic and parasympathetic both mediate arousal and ejaculation or orgasm |
Created by:
Zenfenn
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