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LSU ANSC2050 exam 3
beef cattle mgmt, animal health, quality assurance, nutritional disorders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| intact male cattle | ∙ bull |
| castrated male cattle | ∙ steer |
| female cattle, pre-calving | ∙ heifer |
| female cattle, post-calving | ∙ cow |
| young cattle | ∙ calf |
| act of parturition in cattle | ∙ calving |
| group of cattle | ∙ herd |
| scientific term for cattle | ∙ bovine |
| role of beef cattle industry in US ag economy | ∙ largest single moneymaker in all of ag ∙ yearly income avg $45bil ∙ US has 6% of world's cattle but produces 18% of world's beef and veal |
| purpose of US beef cattle industry | ∙ make use of otherwise wasted resources - mainly grass ∙ conversion of roughage is chief contribution to humanity ∙ crop waste and food by-products can also be fed to cattle |
| Louisiana's beef cattle industry | ∙ cow-calf mainly, also seedstock and stocker ∙ 790,000 cows and calves on over 13,600 farms ∙ production valued at $249mil |
| phases of the beef industry | ∙ seedstock -> cow/calf -> stocker -> feedlot -> packer/processor -> retail -> consumer |
| structure of the beef industry | ∙ animals change ownership between phases ∙ distinct regionality - different regions specialize in one/two phases |
| seedstock phase (beef) | ∙ only segment not producing animals meant for consumption but they may enter food supply after culling ∙ produce breeding stock, mainly bulls, semen and embryos if high quality |
| cow-calf phase (beef) | ∙ first phase of producing food animals ∙ product: 6-10 mo. old crossbred calves, 300/700lbs ∙ usually sold at weaning to feedlot or stocker ∙ main goal: produce heaviest calves possible with least cost |
| stocker phase (beef) | ∙ grow calves to heavier weight on cheap forage before feedlot ∙ calves purchased from cow-calf production are grown during specific season ∙ calves receive vaccinations, deworming, castration, dehorning, bunk breaking, etc. |
| feedlot phase (beef) | ∙ "finishing phase" ∙ calves 1 yr. old, acquired at 600-850lbs and finished at 900-1400lbs ∙ usually here for 60-200 days ∙ most US slaughter cattle fed grain in feedlot before slaughter |
| packer/processor phase (beef) | ∙ purchase finished cattle from feedlots -> break them down into subprimal cuts (boxed beef) |
| retailer phase (beef) | ∙ purchase from packer/processor -> break down subprimal cuts into retail cuts -> present beef product to consumer |
| consumer phase (beef) | ∙ behavior/trends influence decisions made by every other segment of beef system |
| english beef breeds (maternal) | ∙ angus, red angus, hereford, shorthorn |
| continental beef breeds (terminal) | ∙ charolais, gelbvieh, limousin, simmental |
| heat tolerant beef breeds (subtropically adapted) | ∙ brahman, senepol, longhorn |
| composite beef breeds | ∙ brangus, braford, beefmaster, santa gertrudis |
| aspects of english/maternal beef breeds | ∙ pros: good mothers, fertile, early sexual maturity, milking ability, carcass ∙ cons: light muscled, slow growers, fat carcasses |
| aspects of continental/terminal beef breeds | ∙ pros: fast growers, heavily muscled, feed efficiency ∙ cons: nutrient demand, high birth weight, large frame, late sexual maturity, lower quality carcasses |
| aspects of heat tolerant beef breeds | ∙ pros: disease/parasite resistant, good mothers, longevity, will to survive ∙ cons: temperament (Bos indicus), late sexual maturity, poor carcasses |
| aspects of composite beef breeds | ∙ two or more breeds with defined proportions meant to retain heterosis but be maintained as a pure breed |
| brangus breed proportion | ∙ 3/8 brahman, 5/8 angus |
| braford breed proportion | ∙ 3/8 brahman, 5/8 hereford |
| santa gertrudis breed proportion | ∙ 3/8 brahman, 5/8 shorthorn |
| beefmaster breed proportion | ∙ 1/4 hereford, 1/4 shorthorn, 1/2 brahman |
| aspects of crossbreeding cattle | ∙ most beef comes brom crossbred cattle ∙ hybrid vigor/heterosis: increase in performance vs. purebred parents ∙ breed complimentarity: improvement of offspring from selecting complimentary parent breeds |
| why weigh cattle? | ∙ nutrition, drug dosing, marketing, breeding weight ∙ use scale or formula from body measurements |
| identifying cattle | ∙ necessary for any cattle operation, can be simple to complex, can be permanent or temporary ∙ assists with records, theft situations, shared pastures, etc. ∙ V-tags, E-tags (RFID), tattoos, hot/freeze brands |
| nutrient requirements of cattle | ∙ requirements change as adult cattle go thru different production stages ∙ maintenance: used for organs, cells, etc. to maintain life ∙ gestation: fetus and all associated fluids/tissues ∙ lactation: milk, peaks 45-60 days post calving |
| cattle body condition scoring | ∙ ranges from 1 to 9, 5-6 is ideal ∙ asses brisket, ribs, back, hooks, pins, tailhead |
| problems with thin cattle | ∙ fail to have normal reproductive cycles or conceive ∙ increased calving interval and days to estrus ∙ decreased calf vigor |
| problems with overweight cattle | ∙ costly to maintain ∙ increased dystocia, impaired mobility ∙ fail to have normal reproductive cycles or conceive |
| cattle herd nutrition | ∙ goal is to provide adequate nutrition on forages - cattle consume ~2.5% of body weight on dry matter basis ∙ varied supplements may be needed at varying times of year ∙ hay commonly fed during winter before grazing on rye grass |
| hay losses | ∙ 28% storage loss ∙ 5% feeding loss |
| cattle reproductive management | ∙ puberty ~10mo. old (affected by breed) ∙ estrous cycle 21 days long with 14-16 hour estrus (heat) ∙ ovulation 10-14 hours after standing heat ∙ gestation 283 days ∙ cattle breed year round, typically for fall/spring calving season |
| cattle controlled breeding season | ∙ provides controlled calving season - breeding typically 60-90 days long -> calving 60-90 days long ∙ concentrate labor/other resources, market uniform set of cattle, keep nutrient requirements uniform |
| cattle breeding/calving seasons | ∙ spring: breed mid-April to mid-June, calve end Jan to end March ∙ fall: breed Jan to Feb, calve mid-Oct to Dec |
| heifer reproductive management | ∙ bred to have first calf at 2yrs. old ∙ breed ~15mo., 60-65% mature body weight ∙ may wait until heifer 36mo. at first calf for better chances ∙ heifers bred 30 days before cow herd for recovery time |
| bull reproductive management | ∙ begin breeding at 15mo. old - bull can breed ~1 cow per month of age ∙ BSE done before every breeding season - testicular development, semen quality, libido ∙ BSE more important than selecting replacement heifers (profit) |
| overall cattle reproductive management | ∙ diseases directly affecting reproductive efficiency: brucellosis/bang's disease, vibriosis, leptospirosis, IBR/BVD, trichomoniasis ∙ control via herd health program with vet's help |
| initial signs of calving | ∙ nervousness, anorexia, alienation (separation from herd), milk let down/swollen udder, swollen vulva, tail kinks |
| stages of parturition (cattle) | ∙ 1: restlessness, anorexia, cervix dilates over 2-6hrs. ∙ 2: water sac protrudes then breaks -> fetus into birth canal -> regular straining -> front feet out means birth in 1-2hrs. ∙ 3: expulsion of placenta/membranes, takes up to 8hrs. |
| dystocia in cattle | ∙ difficulty calving ∙ factors: fetus pointed wrong, birth weight (bull calf heavier), mother's pelvic anatomy, nutrition, gestation length, genetic influence |
| processing calves | ∙ practices done after birth when calves small enough to restrain by hand ∙ ear tagging, record weight, treat naval with iodine, castrate (elastrator, emasculator, emasculatome) |
| weaning calves | ∙ "cold turkey" very stressful for cow and calf ∙ fenceline: separate with strong fence once calves used to current pasture -> more eating and weight gain, better vaccine response ∙ nose flaps also low stress: physical prevention |
| preconditioning calves | ∙ wean for at least 45 days to overcome stress before feedlot ∙ calves also bunk and water trough broke, vaccined, dewormed, castrated, dewormed ∙ decrease death, sickness, treatment costs; increase performance and carcass quality |
| cattle herd health | ∙ nutrition, parasite, control, biosecurity, vaccination, genetics, minimizing stress ∙ easier to develop when controlled breeding season in place |
| aging cattle by dentition | ∙ 20 baby teeth -> 32 adult teeth - incl. 8 incisors, dental pad on top jaw ∙ incisor eruption happens in distinct pattern and can help approximate age |
| record keeping for cattle | ∙ helps solve problems for a successful operation ∙ performance: birth/weaning/yearling weight, ADG, FE ∙ breeding: breeding date, sire, calving date ∙ animal treatment (withdrawal times), feed, chemical |
| disease | ∙ any state other than complete health ∙ normal function of body/certain parts is changed or disturbed |
| clinical signs | ∙ what animal exhibits that is different from normal function ∙ ex. fever, weight loss, edema, reduced performance |
| lesion | ∙ changes in size, color, shape of an organ ∙ ex. tumor, abcess |
| pathology | ∙ study of essential nature of diseases |
| etiology | ∙ either the cause of a disease or the study of causes of disease |
| predisposing factors to disease | ∙ stress factors make animal more prone to disease ∙ nutritional, genetic, environmental (climate or management), conformation (obesity) |
| direct causes of disease | ∙ bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites, fungi, prions |
| pathogenicity and virulence | ∙ describe ability of organism to cause disease |
| severity of diseases | ∙ clinical: observable clinical signs ∙ subclinical: no readily observable clinical signs ∙ acute: sudden onset, short duration ∙ chronic: slow development, long lasting |
| diagnostic procedure | ∙ history of affected animal and herd mates ∙ clinical exam incl. body palpation and rectal palpation ∙ specimen collection ∙ necropsy if applicable |
| the immune system includes: | ∙ surface barriers: skin/mucous membranes/organ linings, coughing/sneezing ∙ innate immune system: first line of defense but does not provide specific, long-lasting pathogen protection (white blood cells) |
| adaptive immune system | ∙ specific, long-term defense against previously encountered pathogens ∙ antibodies ∙ maternal passive immunity: antibodies from mother (colostrum, placenta) ∙ active immunity: made by animal's own immune system |
| genetics in herd health | ∙ eliminate genetic faults via pedigree analysis, test mating, lab profiling DNA |
| BLAD in holstein cattle | ∙ deficiency of protein that white blood cells need for immune response ∙ clinical signs appear after 1-2 weeks of life: chronic pneumonia, enteritis, diarrhea, loss of teeth, delayed wound healing, stunted growth, infections -> death around 2-4mo. old |
| HYPP in horses | ∙ inherited disease, excess potassium in blood -> muscles contract more readily ∙ unpredictable attacks of tremors, weakness, paralysis, collapse ∙ test DNA to confirm diagnosis - only one gene needed but two create severe disorder |
| AM in angus cattle | ∙ "curly calf syndrome", stillborn calves with twisted spines and limbs ∙ small segment of DNA missing -> calf lacks protein in utero -> lethal genetic defect |
| starting a herd health practice | ∙ consult vet ∙ have detailed operational procedure and calendar ∙ ID animals and keep individual records ∙ choose new animals and cull wisely ∙ water, nutrition, vaccines, biosecurity ∙ investigate disease and death |
| livestock nutritional modes | ∙ monogastric: simple stomach (pigs, poultry) ∙ ruminant: 4-compartment stomach (cows, sheep, goats) ∙ hind-gut fermenter: fermentation in caecum of large intestine (horses, rabbits) |
| classes of nutrients | ∙ proteins, lipids, carbs, vitamins, minerals, water |
| nutrient requirements depend on: | ∙ species (ruminant/nonruminant) ∙ age ∙ productive function: growth, lactation, etc. ∙ other: environment, health |
| classes of feedstuffs | ∙ dry roughage ∙ pasture/range grasses ∙ ensiled roughages ∙ high-energy concentrate ∙ protein sources ∙ minerals, vitamins, additives |
| diet vs. ration | ∙ diet: mix of feed ingredients ∙ ration: amount of diet fed to animal ∙ balance diet to meet nutritional requirement, feed ration for right amount of diet |
| parturient hypocalcemia in dairy cows | ∙ "milk fever" ∙ sudden demand for Ca at parturition to meet milk demand - problem starts when Ca goes below 5-7.5 mg/100mL ∙ give Ca when cow goes down or gut will become too weak to operate -> bloat -> death from cardiac/resp. failure |
| ketosis (pregnancy toxemia) in sheep and goats | ∙ low of glucose, reliance on body fat to meet energy requirement ∙ hypoglycemia, elevated blood levels of ketones and free fatty acids - acetone breath, lethargy, coma ∙ give IV glucose, propylene glycol, cortisol ∙ avoid obesity and manage wisely |
| bloat in ruminants | ∙ rumen/left abdomen enlarged and filled with foam caused by certain proteins, legumes, fresh spring grasses, sudden diet shift ∙ give antifoaming agents (poloxalene, ionophores), surfactants, use trochar/cannula/stomach tube for physical release |
| acidosis in ruminants | ∙ rumen pH drops below 5.5 when given lots of grain or concentrates or diet rapidly shifted ∙ can result in laminitis |
| laminitis in livestock | ∙ inflammation of hoof lamina -> blood flow impaired ∙ reduced vigor, milk production, and fertility ∙ chronic acidosis and bacterial infections may be a cause |
| displaced abomasum in livestock | ∙ maybe caused by insufficient fiber, low food intake, postpartum disorders ∙ most shifted up and left from normal position, some may be right ∙ may cause torsion -> lack of digestive movements -> surgery needed |
| nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism | ∙ low Ca, excessive P, inadequate vitamin D -> increased PTH secretion, lameness, crooked bones, enlarged joints and facial bones ∙ feed adequate diet and watch for calcium/phosphorus imbalance |
| grass tetany | ∙ low blood magnesium -> incoordination and convulsions ∙ avoid lush pastures in cloudy and cool weather and recently fertilized pastures |
| enterotoxemia in calves, sheep, and goats | ∙ excess grain or milk consumption -> proliferation of clostridium in intestine ∙ vaccines available |
| polioencephalomalacia (PEM) | ∙ thiamin deficiency -> proliferation of tiaminase-producing microbes ∙ avoid sudden shift to high grain diet |
| quality assurance for livestock producers is: | ∙ the promise made to consumers that the producer is providing a safe and wholesome product for consumption ∙ everything possible is done to produce safe food with the highest quality |
| quality assurance program examples | ∙ sheep safety and QA program ∙ beef QA ∙ dairy animal care and QA ∙ pork QA plus ∙ poultry handling and transportation QA |
| quality assurance programs | ∙ producer driven, voluntary programs providing cert. and usually must be re-verified every 3yrs. ∙ can add value to animals at marketing, avoid additional gov't regulation ∙ improve care and mgmt, avoid drug residues, improve product value and quality |
| food supply chain | ∙ every segment is responsible for safety ∙ producers: raise residue-free animals, properly transport and care for animal to marketing ∙ packer: harvest, process product ∙ retail -> supply chain -> consumer |
| hazard control and critical control points (HACCP) | ∙ system used in meat packing plants to prevent food safety problems ∙ regulated by USDA food safety/inspection service FSIS ∙ identify and classify hazards |
| food safety hazard classes | ∙ microbial contam.: E.coli, salmonella, etc. ∙ chemical hazards: chemical residues in tissues ∙ physical hazards: broken needles, metal |
| good production practice 1: keep accurate records | ∙ ID animals: proof of ownership and traceability, record meds, most reliable method of disease surveillance in industry ∙ med records: date, animal, product, amount, withdrawal info |
| good production practice 2: establish a vet-client-patient relationship | ∙ only use meds with this guidance ∙ never use feed additives outside of the given instructions ∙ work with vet to establish herd health plan ∙ aim for efficient healthcare to maintain value and plan ahead |
| good production practice 3: follow healthy production practices | ∙ closely read and follow label instructions for all meds (injections, water/feed, topical) ∙ store meds following given instructions ∙ use safe delivery methods and appropriate equipment ∙ carefully observe withdrawal times |
| livestock injection sites and methods | ∙ SQ whenever possible to maintain meat quality ∙ triangular area of neck between shoulder, nuchal ligament (top), and spinal column and jugular furrow (bottom) |
| good production practice 4: proper animal care and handling | ∙ provide adequate feed, water, and environment ∙ always handle animals carefully to prevent injury and stress ∙ never tolerate any form of animal abuse |
| good production practice 5: provide adequate and safe feed according to their nutrient requirements | ∙ read and follow feed label instructions ∙ use quality ingredients ∙ provide balanced rations ∙ test feed sources for nutrient analysis |
| good production practice 6: maintain biosecurity | ∙ reduce external vector transmission: rodent and bird infestation, human and vehicle traffic ∙ reduce external vector transmission: separate animals of different ages, quarantine new animals, control spread by people ∙ improve sanitation |
| good production practice 7: good environmental stewardship | ∙ protect natural resources: follow local laws, minimize odor/dust/noise, support conservation projects, be a good neighbor |
| good production practice 8: maintain proper workplace safety | ∙ protect caretakers from exposure to hazards ∙ eliminate any hazard, limit or control hazard at the source, train personnel on hazard awareness and safe avoidance, give PPE ∙ develop emergency action plan: who to notify, what to do in emergency |
| continuous improvement for QA | ∙ foundation of QA is continuous improvement ∙ all caretakers must be trained ∙ site must be regularly assessed to benchmark care practices and measure animal's well-being |
Created by:
junoreg
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