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Psychology_Wk.1
DeVry_PSYC110ON_Week 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientific method | a set of conventions or rules delineating how to go about organizing, testing, and generating reliable information and knowledge from experimental or observational research |
| Replicable | regarding an experiment, a test of viability that involves proving the test could be conducted a second time in exactly the same manner and garner exactly the same results |
| Independent variable | in an experiment, the variable that is manipulated |
| Social cognitive approach | a theory developed by Albert Bandura that states that people learn from their own experiences and also from witnessing the experiences of others |
| Experiment | a set of actions intended to provide a better understanding about the physical world |
| Extraneous variable | a factor other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable in an experiment |
| Psychology | the study of the mind, human behavior, and the relation between the two |
| Rational | thinking or acting based on reasoning and analysis |
| Hormone | a chemical messenger that travels through the bloodstream from one tissue to another |
| External validity | the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized beyond the sample population to a larger population |
| Psychodynamic theory | a theory that holds that human behavior is based on a combination of conscious and unconscious thought |
| Research | the intellectual endeavor of uncovering and interpreting human knowledge |
| Superego | Sigmund Freud's term for the righteous, moral area of thought or emotional aversion |
| Transference | the unconscious shift of feelings for and about a significant person in a subject's life to his or her therapist or another individual |
| Psychologist | an individual who practices the study of psychology, either as a researcher, an applied practitioner, or both |
| Single-blind experiment | an experiment in which the subjects are unaware of whether they are actual test subjects or part of the control group |
| Id | Sigmund Freud's term for the irrational, impulsive, and primitive part of the human subconscious mind |
| Humors | Ancient Greek character types-sanguine, melancholic, choleric and phlegmatic-that are based on seasons, natural elements, and notions of balance of bodily fluids |
| Groupthink | the idea that members of a homogeneous and tightly cohesive group will tend to quickly agree to decisions they believe the rest of the group supports to "preserve group harmony" |
| Consciousness | the cognitive state of being alert and aware of oneself and one's surroundings |
| Emotional intelligence | the ability to gauge, understand, and cope with the emotions of oneself and those of others |
| Reliable | study results that are stable and consistent |
| Falsifiable | regarding a hypothesis, a test of viability that involves examining the hypothesis in such a way that it could be proven false |
| Sociocultural psychology | the study of how social and cultural factors interact with individual behavior, thought, and emotions |
| Classical conditioning | a situation in which two stimuli become connected and create an automatic response in a subject |
| Cortisol | a stress hormone |
| Gestalt psychology | a school of psychology that focuses on how the brain makes sense of the information it receives |
| Ego | Sigmund Freud's term for the conscious, self-aware aspect of the human mind |
| Physiology | the study of the functions of the human body |
| Causation | the occurrence of one event leading directly to the occurrence of another |
| Self-serving bias | the practice of giving too much weight to external factors when judging one's own behavior |
| Multiple intelligences | psychologist Howard Gardner's theory, humans have varying levels of different kinds of intelligences, the types are logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, intrapersonal, interpersonal, linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, and existential |
| Intelligence quotient (IQ) | a quantifiable score and measurement of intelligence that results from a battery of standardized psychological tests |
| Intelligence testing | a series of questions or exercises designed to measure an individual's intelligence |
| Laboratory observation | the practice of studying human behavior in a controlled environment |
| Oedipus complex | a sexual obsession with one's mother |
| Double-blind experiment | an experiment in which neither the researchers nor the subjects know which group is receiving the active agent and which is receiving the placebo |
| Nonsentient | lacking feeling or sensation |
| Philosophy | the study of the nature of knowledge and humans' sense of reality and experience of consciousness |
| Protocol | in psychological research, a set of rules and a methodology that guides an experiment |
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone | a hormone that reduces stress |
| Satisficing | answering a question without giving it much thought |
| Conditioning | the process of a stimulus and response becoming linked in a subject's mind through repeated exposure, so that response to the stimulus becomes automatic |
| Self-actualization | the ability to develop to one's full potential for subjective happiness |
| Perception | the process of gathering, assembling, decoding, understanding, and creating order out of a series of sensory inputs |
| Correlation coefficient | a number that indicates how strong the link is between two variables |
| Placebo effect | the psychological effect of making a therapy work even though it is pharmacologically inert simply through suggestion |
| Case study | an in-depth, systematic, objective and usually long-term examination of a psychological patient |
| Natural science | any field of science that uses a rational approach and the scientific method of study to examine the natural world. The natural sciences include physics, earth science, chemistry, astronomy, and biology |
| Subliminal message | a hidden or embedded message in media that may not be readily obvious but implants an image, word, or idea in the subconscious of the viewer or listener |
| Social science | the group of sciences that study the human perspective. These disciplines include psychology, history, geography, economics, anthropology, education, law, linguistics, political science, and other areas of study |
| Psyche | the original ancient Greek concept of the human self, which includes the mind and the soul |
| Skinner box | a box used to conduct conditioning experiments; an animal is placed in the box and exposed to different stimuli, rewards, and punishments |
| Introspection | a method of learning about internal thoughts by asking subjects to describe what they see, feel, or notice |
| Behaviorism | a school of psychological thought based on the idea that all behavior is learned through conditioning |
| Geropsychology | an area of psychology focused on the development of and care for the aged |
| Pseudoscience | science that is based on beliefs that cannot be tested and, therefore, cannot be refuted or shown to be false |
| Biology | the study of the body, its anatomy, and its functions |
| Paranormal | literally "beyond the normal," usually refers to extrasensory perception or other unusual phenomena |
| Hypothesis | a proposal that explains an observation or phenomenon |
| Tabula rasa | in Latin, a "blank slate." John Locke and other philosophers suggested that all humans are born as "blank slates," and that only experience can shape the mind |
| Humanistic psychology | a school of psychology that holds that individuals have a great deal of free will and should be treated like unique beings |
| Confirmation bias | a tendency for researchers to notice only information that supports their beliefs |
| Law of effect | a theory which suggests that a subject will respond to a stimulus with the response that gives a reward or a positive consequence |
| Subject | in psychological research, an animal or individual that is observed for |
| Cognitive psychology | a sys of psychology, focuses on sensory perception, thought, memory & other functions of the brain and likens the brain to a computer-like system that can gather,store,retrieve info but considers individual differences in ways of thinking,seeing,feeling |
| Validity | describes a test or question that measures what it is intended to measure |
| Memory | pieces of information that a person can call to mind at any time but primarily remain in storage |
| Theory | a broader set of principles or ideas that seek to organize, explain, and predict outcomes when certain variables interact |
| Experimenter bias | the tendency of the beliefs held by a person collecting data to influence the data he or she collects |
| Social-desirability bias | the distortion of experimental results that occurs when subjects respond to questions in a way that they think is socially appropriate but is not necessarily honest |
| Correlation | the relationship between two or more factors |
| Neurology | the branch of medicine that is concerned with the human nervous system |
| Naturalistic observation | the practice of studying human beings in their daily lives without interfering with their actions in any way |
| Control Group | in an experiment, a group that receives a placebo or no treatment |
| Empirical | based on experience and observation |
| Informed consent | verification that subjects understand what the research project in which they are participating entails and that they have willingly agreed to participate |
| Sample bias | a condition that compromises study results that occurs when the sample group is not representative of the population being studied |
| Dependent variable | in an experiment, the variable that the independent variable's effect is measured against |
| Explicit memories | memories that are intentionally stored |
| Operant conditioning | behavior that a subject associates with its consequences |
| Placebo | a therapy that is pharmacologically inert (and thus has no effect other than a psychological one) |
Created by:
lesnyder2001
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