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Everything History
Chapter 11: The Dark Ages
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Irenaeus | a church leader who declared that every church must agree with the Church of Rome |
| deacon | the Greek word for "servant" |
| bishop | the Greek word for "overseer" |
| Church of Rome | the church that all other churches answered to |
| catholic | term which means "universal" or "one" |
| apostolic succession | 1) Christ appointed the apostles to succeed His ministry 2) the apostles appointed bishops as their successors 3) these successors appointed successors of their own 4) the authority of the apostles was passed down in an unbroken line to the bishops |
| Christ | the Bible clearly identifies him as the true Head of the Church |
| apostolic authority | the idea that the apostles passed down their authority to the bishops |
| Petrine theory | 1) Christ founded His church upon Peter 2) Christ made Peter the visible head of the Church 3) Peter transmitted this power to his successors, the bishops of Rome, the first of whom he appointed |
| Roman Catholic Church | the idea that the Roman church is supreme over all churches and the bishop of Rome is supreme over all bishops |
| pope | Latin for father |
| 445 | the year that the Western Roman emperor Valentinian III officially recognized Pop Leo I as supreme over the Roman church |
| 494 | the year that Pope Gelasius I issued his famous doctrine of the "two swords" |
| doctrine of the "two swords" | the famous doctrine that separated civil and ecclesiastical authority and making the pope and the bishop supreme over all human rulers in matters relating to God |
| Gregory I | the first medieval pope |
| dioceses and parishes | the territories of the Roman empire were divided and subdivide i |
| Pope Boniface VIII | during the reign of this pope, the power of the papacy increased and he proclaimed in 1299 that for "every creature to be to be subject to the Roman pope is altogether necessary for salvation" |
| Leo I | the pope who extended the power of the papacy after persuading Attila the Hun and the Vandals to not attack Rome |
| sacraments | the Roman church taught that salvation depended on this means of grace |
| Patrick | missionary to Ireland that used the shamrock as an illustration of the trinity |
| excommunicated | cut off from the church |
| transubstantiation | the doctrine that believed that the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper actually became the body and the blood of Christ in the hands of the priest |
| Eucharist | the Lord's Supper |
| relics | remains or artifacts of alleged fragments of the cross or crown of thorns, etc., that devout followers of Catholicism purchased and worshiped |
| indulgences | the certificates from the pope that excused a person from doing penance and shortened the required stay in purgatory |
| purgatory | a place of fire where the souls of penitent sinners remained after death to be purged of sin and rendered fit for heaven |
| Vulgate | a Latin translation of the Bible that was the only version available in the Middle Ages |
| John Wycliffe | gave the English people the Bible in their own tongue by translating it from Latin to English |
| Peter Waldo | Frenchman that accomplished a feat similar to John Wycliffe for the people of the Alps |
| Council of Toulouse | forbade anyone except a clergyman to possess a copy of the Bible |
| breviary | the service and worship book of the church |
| monasticism | withdrawing from society to live in solitude |
| monks | men who practice monasticism |
| nun | women who practice monasticism |
| hermits | the earliest monks that lived in the wilderness and sought to please God by torturing themselves and praying for hours on end |
| celibacy | abstinence from marriage |
| Simeon Stylites | a desperate soul who perched alone for 37 years atop a stone pillar over 50 feet high |
| Petrobrusians | the group named after Peter of Bruis |
| Waldensians | group named after Peter Waldo |
| Peter of Bruis | a Roman Catholic priest in the early 1100s who was burned at the stake for turning from Catholicism and believing the truth |
| Peter Waldo | a wealthy merchant in Lyons, France, became disgusted with the corruption he aw in the Roman Church |
| monasteries | religious communities isolated from the rest of society |
| convents | monasteries for nuns |
| Benedict | an Italian monk who founded a monastery at Monte Cassino most European monks followed his orders |
| abbot | the head of the monastery |
| friars | a new kind of monk were different from monks in that they preached and did missionary work |
| Franciscans | named for St. Francis of Assisi |
| Dominicans | named for St. Dominic |
| Franciscans and the Dominicans | largely responsible for conducting the merciless persecutions of those who opposed the Roman church |
| Franks | the Germanic tribe that became the most dominant established a number of independent kingdoms and eventually controlled much of what now is France, Holland, Belgium, and western Germany |
| Clovis | the first great Frankish military and political leader everywhere he went, the church went too |
| Christmas 498 | the date that Clovis professed his conversion to Christianity |
| Merovingian | the line of kings named after Merovee, Clovis's grandfather committed many savage and violent crimes as they fought over the throne Clovis's descendents |
| Mayor of the Palace | the cheif official of the royal houshold |
| Charles Martel | the most famous Mayor of the Palace who restored the unity of the Frankish Empire |
| Martel | "the Hammer" |
| 732 | the year of the Battle of Tours Charles Martel prevented western Europe from being swallowed up in a Muslim Empire |
| Moors | Muslims from North Africa |
| Pepin the Short | Charles Martel's son crowned king by a bishop representing the pope commenced the Carolingian line of kings |
| Papal States | "Donation of Pepin" the land of central Italy belonged to the Lombards that Pepin gave to the Pope |
| the alliance between the Frankish rulers and the papacy | influenced the course of European history during the Middle Ages as well as modern history |
| Charlemagne | the greatest of the Carolingian kings Pepin the Short's son his name is French for "Charles the Great" his empire was the largest in the West since the Roman Empire of the A.D. 300s |
| marks | provinces that acted as buffer states between his empire and its enemies |
| the Saxons | Charlemagne's greatest conquests were against these |
| Christmas day in the year 800 | when the greatest event of Charlemagne's reign took place when the pope crowned him "Charles Augustus, Emperor of the Romans" |
| missi dominici | "the king's envoys" |
| Carolingian miniscule | the basis for modern handwriting styles as well as the roman typeface |
| Louis the Pious | Charlemagne's son who divided the empire with the Treaty of Verdun |
| 843 | the year for the Treaty of Verdun |
| Lothair the Elder, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German | the three regions the empire was divided into with the Treaty of Verdun |
| it set the stage for the formation of the modern nations of France and Germany | what is significant about the Treaty of Verdun |
| Lorraine | the land of the middle kingdom north of the Alps |
| Magyars | a nomadic people from Asia who penetrated deep into southeastern Europe known as the Scourge of Europe |
| Hungary | where the Magyars finally settled |
| Norsemen (Vikings) | blond, blue-eyed German barbarians that dwelt in Scandanavia |
| Normandy | the most important Viking settlement |
| duchies | the small territories ruled by dukes |
| Henry the Fowler | the duke of Saxony that acted as a king, beginning the Saxon line of kings weak because he allowed the dukes to retain a large amount of autonomy |
| Otto the Great | Henry the Fowler's son who invaded Lombardy and declared himself ruler of Italy Dealt the Magyars their final defeat for a time, his empire was the most powerful state in Europe |
| 962 | the year that Otto the Great was crowned Emperor of the Romans by the pope, giving birth to the Holy Roman Empire |
| Salian | the line of emperors that succeeded the Saxons |
| Henry IV | the emperor who brought the German monarchy to the peak of its power |
| Elector | the nobles that clamied the right of choosing the king |
| Frederick Barbarossa | the first of the Hohenstaufen line of emperors officially adopted the phrase "Holy Roman Empire" |
| Frederick II | Frederick Barbarossa's grandson who entangled himself in Italy, weakening him in Germany |
| "neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire" | the phrase coined by Voltaire to describe the Holy Roman Empire |
| papacy | the single most powerful institution in western Europe |
| Nicholas II | with the urging of his adviser, Hildebrand, he greatly extended the power of the papacy by decreeing that popes could be chosen only by cardinals |
| Hildebrand | Nicholas II's adviser who was an ambitious monk who went on the become Pope Gregory VII |
| Gregory VII | the pope who was at odds with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV prohibited the custom of lay investiture won the Investiture Controversy |
| lay investiture | the power of laymen such as emperors and kings to choose bishops and other church officials |
| Canossa | the castle in which Gregory was staying |
| The Investiture Controversy | the controversy between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV over investiture |
| Innocent III | the papacy attained the zenith of its power and influence under him he excommunicated King John and placed his entire realm under an interdict established the Fourth Lateral Council he excommunicated Frederick II |
| interdict | no infants were baptized, no masses said, no confessions heard, no dying persons received the last rites, and no dead were properly interred |
| Fourth Lateran Council | the council that sanctioned that dogma of transubstantiation |
| Holy Office of the Inquisition | a special court with the power to inquire about and judge matters of heresy |
| Philip the Fair | the king who went against Boniface VIII wanted to tax the clergy |
| bull | an official decree by the pope |
| Boniface VIII | claimed that all spiritual and temporal authority belonged to the pope and that no one could be saved without absolute submission to the pope |
| France | the nation that became so powerful that it moved the papal court from Rome to Avignon |
| Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy | the pope and the cardinals came under the control of the French monarchy and all the popes from 1305 until 1378 were French clergymen |
| Great Schism | created by the rival popes and cardinals |
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