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Unit 5 Vocab
AP Human Geography Unit 5 Vocab Ch 12-14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| agricultural biodiversity | the variety and variability of plants, animals, and other microorganisms that are used directly or indirectly for food and agreiculture |
| agreicultural landscape | a landscape resulting from the interactions between farming activists and a location's natural environment |
| agroecosystem | an ecosystem modified for agricultural use |
| aquifer | layers of sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and can release a unstable abmount of water |
| biodiversity | the variety of organisms living in a location |
| biotechnology | the science of altering living organisms, often through genetic manipulation, to create new products for specific purpose, such as crops that resist certain pests |
| food security | reliable access to safe and nutritious food that can support an active and healthy lifestyle |
| prescision agriculture | a forming management concept that uses technology to apply inputs with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of fields to maximize crop yields, reduce waste, and preserve the environment |
| reservoir | artificial lake used to store water |
| salinization | the process by which water-soluable salts build up in the soil, which limits the ability of crops to absorb water |
| suburbanization | the shifting of population away from cities into surrounding suburbs |
| terracing | the process of carving parts of a hill or mountainside into small, level growing plots |
| debt-for-nature swap | agreement between a bank and a peripheral country in which the bank forgives a portion of the country's debt in exchange for local investment in conservation measures |
| deforestation | loss of forest lands |
| desertification | a form of land degradation that occurs when soil deteriorates into a deserlike condition |
| economy of scale | cost reductions that occur when production rises |
| food desert | area where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling these foods are too far away |
| food insecurity | the disruption of food intake or eating paterns because of poor access to food |
| agribusiness | the large-scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agreicultural products and equipment |
| commodity chain | a network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and distribute a commodity or product |
| dual agricultural economy | an economy having two agricultural sectors that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand |
| fair trade | a movement that tries to provide farmers and workers in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries with a fair price for their products by providing more equitable trading conditions |
| farm subsidy | a form of aid and insurage given by the federal government to certain formers and agribusinesses |
| global supply chain | a network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and distribute goods around the world |
| hybrid | the product created by breeding different varieties of species to enhance the most favorable characteristics |
| agriculture | the purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to producegoods for survival |
| agricultural hearth | an area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals |
| bid-rent theory | a theory tat describes the relationships between land value, commercial location, and transportation (primarily in urban areas) used a bid-rent gradient, or slope; used to describe how land costs are determined |
| central business district (CBD) | the central location where the mojority of consumer services are located in a city or town because the accessibility of the location attracts these services |
| climate region | an area that has similar climate patterns generally based on its latitude and its location on a coast or continental interior |
| clustered settlement | a rural settlement pattern in which redidents live in close proximity to one another, with farmland and pasture land surrounding the settlement; also known as nucleated settlement |
| commercial agriculture | an agricultural practice that focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the arket for others to purchase |
| Columbian Exchange | the exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that began after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492 |
| genetically modified organism (GMO) | a plant or animal with specific characteristics obtained through the manipulation of its genetic makeup |
| Green Revolution | movement beginning in the 1950s and 1960s in which scientists used knowledge of genetics to deveop new high-yield strains of grain crops |
| intensive agreiculture | an agricultural practice in which farmers expand a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land |
| linear settlement | a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings form in a long line that usually follows a land feature or alligns along a transportation route |
| market gardening | a type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market or urban area |
| crop rotation | the varying of crops from year to year to allow or the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing productivity of the soil |
| dispersed settlement | a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings are isolated from one which houses and buildings are isolated from one another, and all the homes in a settlement are distributed over a relativey large area |
| domestication | the deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics |
| encloure system | system in which communal lands were replaced by farms owned by individuals, and use of the land was restricted to the owner or tenants who rented the land from the owner |
| extensive agriculture | an agricultural practice with relatively few inputs and little investment in labor and capital that results in raltively low outpits |
| first agricultural revolution | the shift from foraging for food to farming about 11,000 years ago marking the beginnin of agriculture |
| foragers | mall, nomadic groups who had primarily plant-based diet and ate small animals or fish for protein |
| Mediterranean agriculture | an agricultural practice that consists of growing hardy tress and shrubs and raising sheep and goats |
| mixed crop and lovestock systems | a type of farming in which both crops and livestock are raised for profit |
| monocropping | the cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally |
| nomadic herding | a type of agriculture based on people moving their domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing |
| pastoral nomadism | a type of agriculture based on people moving their domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing |
| plantation agriculture | a type of large scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation |
| second agricultural revolution | a change in forming practices, marked by new tools and techniques, that diffused from Britain and the Low Countries starting in the early 18th century |
| shifting cultivation | the agricultural practice of growing crops or razing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and moving to a new piece of land where the process if repeated |
| slash and burn | a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown; often used when clearing land |
| subsistence ariculture | an agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to food ones family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock |
| third agricultural revolution | a shift to further mechanization in agriculture through the development of new technology and advances that began in the early 20th century and continues to the present day |
| transhumance | the movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter |
| infrostructure | the many systems and facilities that a country needs in order to function properly |
| vertical integration | the combining of a company's ownership of and control over more than one stage of the production process of goods |
| von Thunen model | a model that sugests that perishability of the product and transport costs to the market each factor into the location of agricultural land use and activity |
Created by:
Amelia987
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