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doggy study sience
siecnse
| science | fun |
|---|---|
| geologist | A scientist who studies the forces that make and shape planet Earth |
| rock | a naturally occurring solid composed of minerals, rock fragments, and sometimes other material such as organic matter |
| geology | The study of earth's history as revealed in the rocks that make up the earth |
| constructive force | shape Earth's surface by building up mountains and land masses |
| destructive | force Destroys and wears away landmasses through a process like erosion and weathering |
| continent | one of Earth's seven large land areas |
| seismic wave | a ground vibration produced by an earthquake. The closer to the epicenter, the stronger these waves are felt. |
| pressure | the force being exerted on some part of Earth's structure due to gravity or the movement of its layers. |
| crust | The outermost layer of solid rock that includes both dry land and the ocean floor. The thinnest layer of the Earth. |
| basalt | A dark, dense, igneous rock with a fine texture, found in oceanic crust. |
| granite | the most abundant rock in the continental crust. |
| mantle | The thick layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core that has convection currents |
| Lithosphere | The crust and upper mantle of the Earth that is solid and rigid. |
| asthenosphere | The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats. |
| outer core | a layer of molten metal, mainly nickel and iron, that surrounds Earth’s inner core. |
| inner core | A solid sphere of iron and nickel at thecenter of the earth. |
| heat transfer | the movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object. |
| radiation | Heat transport through empty space |
| conduction | 4- convection Heat transport by a heated fluid caused by a difference in temperature and density. |
| convection | Heat transport by a heated fluid caused by a difference in temperature and density. |
| convection current | Heat movement in a fluid material. Responsible for the movement of the Earth's Plates. |
| density | The amount of mass in a given space. |
| continental drift | A theory that continents can drift apart from one another and have done so in the past. |
| Pangea | An extremely large landmass when all continents were connected together |
| fossil | The imprint or hardened remains of a plant or animal that lived long ago. |
| deep-ocean trench | A deep valley along the ocean floor beneath which oceanic crust slowly sinks toward the mantle. |
| sonar | A system that uses the reflection of underwater sound waves to detect objects. |
| seafloor spreading | the idea that the middle of the ocean is spreading apart, moving very slowly in opposite directions. |
| subduction | Process in which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent boundary. |
| plate | A slab of Earth's lithosphere that can move around on the planet's surface. |
| scientific theory | scientific question.A well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations about a particular |
| plate tectonics | The movement of the earth’s upper mantle and crust. |
| fault | A break in Earth's lithosphere where one block of rock moves toward, away from, or past another. |
| transform boundary | Two plates sliding horizontally past each other. |
| divergent boundary | Place where two of Earth's tectonic plates are moving apart |
| rift valley | a deep valley that forms when two plates drift apart |
| convergent boundary | a boundary between lithospheric plates where the plates move toward one another and one plate is recycled into the mantle |
| 1. stress | A force acting on rock to change its shape or volume. |
| 2. shearing | Stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions |
| 3. compression | Stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks |
| 4. tension | Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle. |
| 5. deformation | A change in the volume or shape of Earth’s crust. |
| 6. fault | a break in Earth's crust where slabs of rock slip past each other. |
| 7. strike-slip fault | A fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up-or-down motion. |
| 8. normal fault | A fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust. |
| 9. hanging wall | The block of rock that lies above a fault line. |
| 10. footwall | The block of rock that lies below the fault line. |
| 11. reverse fault | A type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward. |
| 12. fault-block mountain | A mountain that forms where a normal fault uplifts a block of rock. |
| 13. fold | A bend in rock that forms where part of Earth’s crust is compressed. |
| 14. anticline | An upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth’s crust. |
| 15. syncline | A downward fold in rock formed by compression in Earth’s crust. |
| 16. plateau | A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level. |
| 1- volcano | erupting vent through which molten rock surfaces; creating and destructing mountains |
| 2- magma | Molten rock beneath the Earth surface. |
| 3- lava | magma that flows out onto Earth's surface |
| 4- Ring of Fire | Pacific Ring of Fire (or just The Ring of Fire) is an area where large numbers of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. |
| 5- island arc | A string of islands formed by the volcanoes along a deep ocean trench |
| 6- hot spot | An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it |
| 7- magma chamber | Pocket of magma beneath Earth's surface. |
| 8- pipe | A long tube into the ground that connects the magma chamber to Earth's surface. |
| 9- vent | opening of a volcano where magma is forced up |
| 10- lava flow | Melted rock flowing on the surface of the Earth. |
| 11- crater | circular depression at the top of a volcano. |
| 12- silica | A material found in magma that is formed from the elements oxygen and silicon. |
| 13- pahoehoe | A hot, fast-moving type of lava that hardens to form smooth, rope-like coils. |
| 14- aa | A slow-moving type of lava that hardens to form rough chunks; cooler than pahoehoe |
| 15- pyroclastic flow | A super-heated cloud of ash, gas and rock. |
| 16- active volcano | A volcano that is currently erupting or likely to erupt. |
| 17- dormant volcano | When it is not erupting but capable of erupting in the future. |
| 18- extinct volcano | A volcano that no longer erupts and is in the process of eroding. |
| 19- hot spring | A pool of groundwater that has risen to the surface after being heated by a nearby body of magma. |
| 20- geyser | Fountain of water and steam that erupts from the ground. |
| 21- geothermal | underground heat warms water, and steam turns turbines and generators. |
| 1- volcano | erupting vent through which molten rock surfaces; creating and destructing mountains |
| 2- magma | Molten rock beneath the Earth surface. |
| 3- lava | magma that flows out onto Earth's surface |
| 4- Ring of Fire | Pacific Ring of Fire (or just The Ring of Fire) is an area where large numbers of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. |
| 5- island arc | A string of islands formed by the volcanoes along a deep ocean trench |
| 6- hot spot | An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it |
| 7- magma chamber | Pocket of magma beneath Earth's surface. |
| 8- pipe | A long tube into the ground that connects the magma chamber to Earth's surface. |
| 9- vent | opening of a volcano where magma is forced up |
| 10- lava flow | Melted rock flowing on the surface of the Earth. |
| 11- crater | circular depression at the top of a volcano. |
| 12- silica | A material found in magma that is formed from the elements oxygen and silicon. |
| 1 - mineral | a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition |
| 2 - Moh’s hardness scale | a scale ranking ten minerals from softest to hardest; used in testing the hardness of minerals |
| 3 - streak | the color of a mineral’s powder |
| 4 - luster | the way a mineral reflects light from its surface |
| 5 - cleavage | a mineral’s ability to split easily along flat surfaces |
| 6 - fracture | the way a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way |
| 7- fluorescence | the property of a mineral in which the mineral glows under ultraviolet light |
| 8 - texture | the look and feel of a rock’s surface, determined by the size, shape, and pattern of a rock’s grains |
| 9 - grain | a particle of mineral or other rock that gives a rock its texture |
| 10 - igneous rock | a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface |
| 11 - metamorphic rock | a type of rock that forms from existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions |
| 12 - sedimentary rock | a type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together |
| 13 - extrusive rock | igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth’s surface |
| 14 - intrusive rock | 14 - intrusive rock igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface |
| 15 - sediment organisms | |
| What is topography | The shape of the land. The shape of the land. The shape of the land. The shape of the land |
| elevation | The height above sea level. |
| relief | The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area. |
| Wind | The horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure. The horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure. |
| Anemometer | An instrument used to measure wind speed. |
| Wind-chill factor | Increased cooling caused by the wind. |
| Local wind | Winds that blow over short distances. |
| Sea breeze | The flow of air from an ocean or lake to the land. |
| Land breeze | The flow of air from land to a body of water. |
| Monsoon | Sea and land breezes over a large region that change direction with the seasons. |
| Global wind | Winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances. |
| Coriolis effect | The way Earth’s rotation makes winds in the Northern Hemisphere curve to the right and winds in the Southern Hemisphere curve to the left. |
| Latitude | The distance from the equator, measured in degrees |
| Evaporation | The process by which water molecules in liquid water escape into the air as water vapor. |
| Humidity | A measure of the amount of water vapor in the air. |
| Relative humidity | The percentage of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount the air could hold at that temperature. |
| Psychrometer | An instrument used to measure relative humidity, consisting of a wet-bulb thermometer and a dry-bulb thermometer. |
| Condensation | The process by which molecules of water vapor in the air become liquid water. |
| Dew point | The temperature at which condensation begins. |
| 18. Cumulus | Clouds that form less than 2 kilometers above the ground and look like fluffy, rounded piles of cotton. |
| 19. Stratus | Clouds that form in flat layers. |
| 20. Cirrus | Wispy, feathery clouds made mostly of ice crystals that form at high levels, above about 6 kilometers. |
| What causes wind? | The horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure. Differences in air pressure. |
| If a wind vane measures wind direction, then what does an anemometer do? | Measures air speed |
| What is the wind-chill factor? | The increased cooling that a wind can cause. The wind blowing over your skin removes body heat. |
| What causes local winds? | Winds that blow over short distances. Caused by unequal heating of Earth’s surface within a small area. |
| Explain the difference between a sea breeze and a land breeze. | Sea breeze is a wind that blows from the ocean onto land. Land breeze is the flow of air from land to a body of water. |
| What do monsoons produce for farmers? | Lots of rain for the crops. |
| How is a global wind different from a local wind? | Global wind are winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances. Local winds are only over short distances. |
| Warm air rises at the equator, and cold air sinks at the poles. This creates what type of currents that make wind? | Creates giant convection currents |
| What is the Coriolis effect? | It is the way Earth’s rotation makes winds curve. |
| Who was it named after? | French mathematician who studied and explained it in 1835. |
| What are the major global wind belts? | Major global wind belts- the trade winds, the prevailing westerlies, and the polar easterlies. |
| Define latitude. | Define latitude. |
| Where is wind the weakest? | Weakest at about 30 degrees north and south latitudes, the air stops moving toward the poles and sinks. |
| Where did “trade” winds get its name? | It is a steady easterly wind that helped carry cargoes from Europe to the West Indies and South America. It is a steady easterly wind that helped carry cargoes from Europe to the West Indies and South America. |
| What two winds play an important part in the weather in the U.S.? | Prevailing Westerlies Polar Easterlies |
| What is the jet stream? | About 10 km above Earth’s surface are bands of high-speed winds. |
| Define evaporation. | Process by which water molecules in liquid water escape into the air as water vapor. |
| what happens in the cycle after evaporation occurs? | Water vapor in the atmosphere condenses to form clouds. Rain and other forms of precipitation fall from the clouds toward the surface. |
| Precipitation that falls on mountains reaches the oceans, lakes, and streams. Please explain how this occurs. | Water runs off surface, or moves through the ground, back to the oceans, lakes and streams. |
| Define humidity. | Measure of the amount of water vapor in the air. |
| Define relative humidity. | The percentage of water vapor in the air compared to the max. Amount the air could hold. |
| You feel less comfortable on a hot day that is humid opposed to being dry. | Evaporation slows down causing a less cooling effect on your body. |
| How are clouds formed? | Clouds form when water vapor in the air becomes liquid water or ice crystals. |
| Define condensation | Condensation- process by which molecules of water vapor in the air become liquid water. |
| Define dew point. | Dew point- the temp. at which condensation begins |
| What are the 3 main types of clouds that are associated with different types of weather? | Cumulus Stratus Cirrus |
| Define cumulus. | Cumulus- fluffy, rounded piles of cotton. Give us fair weather. |
| What type of weather is connected to this cloud Cumulus? | Towering cumulus with flat tops, called cumulonimbus clouds produce thunderstorms. |
| Define stratus. | Stratus- flat layers |
| What type of weather is connected to this cloud Stratus? | As they thicken, may produce drizzle, rain, or snow. |
| Define cirrus. | Cirrus- wispy, feathery clouds |
| What type of weather is connected to this cloud Cirrus? | Storm is approaching |
| What does the prefix alto- mean like in altocumulus and altostratus? | Alto means- “high” |
| What is fog? | Fog are clouds that form at or near the ground. |
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browncor12
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