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APWH Unit3 Vocab
im so tired pls
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Qing Dynasty | last imperial dynasty of China; preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the People's Republic; founded by the Manchus and ruled China until 1912; expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia |
| Manchus | Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties |
| Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; often had difficulties managing such a large, diverse empire |
| Ottoman Empire | Islamic state of Turkic speaking peoples lasting from 1453-1922; conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453; based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople); encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe |
| Safavids | A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs |
| Songhai | an Islamic West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the into the 16th century; eventually defeated by the Moroccans |
| Devshirme | 'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries (elite military units) |
| Janissary | elite Ottoman guard (trained as foot soldiers or administrators) recruited from the Christian population through the devshirme system, that often converted to Islam; utilized gunpowder weapons |
| Samurai | class of salaried warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble called a daimyo (who in turned pledged loyalty to a shogun) in return for land or rice payments |
| Divine Right | the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God |
| Absolute Monarchy | system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power |
| Versailles | Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility; late 17th-early 18th century (became his primary residence around 1670) |
| Zamindars | Mughal empire's taxation system where decentralized lords collected tribute/taxes for the emperor |
| Taj Mahal | beautiful mausoleum (tomb) at Agra (India) built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife; illustrates syncretic blend between Indian and Arabic architectural styles |
| Tax Farming | tax-collection system utilized by the Ottoman Empire to generate money for territorial expansion; the government hired private individuals to collect taxes |
| Protestant Reformation | Begun by German monk Martin Luther who began to question the practices of the Catholic Church in 1519; split the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations: Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, etc |
| 95 Theses | arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517; ultimately led to Martin Luther's excommunication and the Protestant Reformation |
| Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices; began the Protestant Reformation |
| Counter Reformation | the reaction of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation; reaffirmed veneration of saints and authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected), ended sale of indulgences and simony, created Jesuits, but also the began the Inquisition :( |
| Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism (a result of the Counter Reformation); sent to China, Japan, and the New World to gain Catholic converts |
| Indulgence | a pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins and payment; "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins" |
| Simony | the buying and selling of church offices, seen as a corrupt practice, this practice was outlawed by the Catholic Church during the Counter Reformation |
| [NO ONE EXPECTS THE] Spanish Inquisition | Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, a reaction to the Protestant Reformation |
| 30 Years War | war that resulted from the Protestant Reformation (1618-1648); occurred in the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants + allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor + Spain who supported Catholicism; ended with Treaty of Westphalia |
| John Calvin | 1509-1564. French theologian who developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism; attracted Protestant followers with his teachings; believed in predestination |
| Sikhism | the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam; a result of the presence of the Mughal Empire in India |
| Shogunate | Japanese system of government under a shogun (military warlord), who exercised actual power while the emperor was reduced to a figurehead |
| Daimyo | Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; owed allegiance to the shogun |
| Jizya | tax paid by Christians and Jews (and sometimes other faiths) who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion; often utilized by Islamic states to manage diverse populations within their empires |
| Millet System | A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities, with each millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders; a unique way to manage a diverse empire |
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