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Lecture 30
Ketone Bodies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the three ketone bodies | Acetoacetate, acetone, B-hydroxybutyrate |
| Draw Acetone | CH3-C=O-CH3 |
| Draw Acetoacetate | CH3-C=O-CH2-COOH |
| Draw B-hydroxybutyrate | CH3-CH-OH-CH2-COOH |
| Which of the three ketone bodies is exhaled? | Acetone |
| Explain why ketone bodies are produced during starvation | During starvation, gluconeogenesis uses up the citric acid cycle intermediate to produce more glucose. Acetyl-CoA build up is converted to ketone bodies for use in the muscles, heart, and brain |
| Why does diabetes lead to overproduction of ketone bodies? | In diabetes the body thinks it is starving. Gluconeogenesis depletes the citric acid cycle intermediates which diverts acetyl-CoA to ketone body formation. |
| How do ketone bodies contribute to the pH of the blood? | They lower the pH of the blood causing acidosis |
| When a normal person throws up, what happens briefly to the pH of the blood? | The pH increases because the H+ flows from the blood to the stomach to re-acidify the tissue |
| What does the urine dip-stick assay detect? | Ketone functional groups |
| Whish ketone bodies can be detected by the dip-stick assay? | Acetone and Acetoacetate |
| Is Acetoacetate converted to B-hydroxybutyrate in a reduced or oxidized environment? | Reduced environment= A lot of NADH |
| Why do methylmalonyl CoA levels drop during starvation? | Methylmalonyl CoA is the starting material for fatty acid synthesis. During starvation you aren't producing fatty acids, instead fatty acids are broken down to Acetyl-CoA and the forms ketone bodies |
| In what organ is ethanol metabolized? | liver |
| What two steps are required for the metabolism of ethanol? | Ethanol + NAD+ -->Acetylaldehyde-->Acetic Acid |
| What enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of ethanol? | Alcohol dehydrogenase |
| How do high levels of ethanol affect the liver NADH/NAD ratio? | Breakdown of Ethanol increases NADH levels |
| What ketone would predominate in the body of someone who has consumed a lot of alcohol? | B-hydroxybutyrate |
| Explain why someone who is drunk will have a normal blood pH and will test for elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood but not the urine. | The breakdown of alcohol elevates NADH levels which stimulate the production of B-hydroxybutyrate ketone bodies |
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bettyboucher
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