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Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define an adaptation. What are the two types of adaptations? | Adaptation: a change in an organism that makes it more fit to survive in its environment 2 Types of Adaptations: Structural (part of the organism’s body) AND Behavioral (the way an organism behaves or acts) |
| Why are adaptations significant to a species’ survival? | adaptations help an organism survive in its environment by making it more fit (stronger) |
| Identify the three main ideas of Lamarck? What did they mean? IDEA 1: | Idea 1: Tendency Toward Perfection Define: Organisms make a conscious effort to make themselves better adapted to the environment. Birds wanted to fly…they tried to fly…wings became suited for flying. |
| Identify the three main ideas of Lamarck? What did they mean? IDEA 2: | Idea 2: Use and Disuse Define: The more structures (body parts) were used…the better they became. The less body parts were used…less effective they became. Birds wanted to fly…flapped “arms”…they eventually became wings. |
| dentify the three main ideas of Lamarck? What did they mean? IDEA 3: | Idea 3: Inheriting ACQUIRED Traits Define: Acquired characteristics were inherited (passed on from parent to offspring) Anything that happens to your body will be passed onto your offspring. |
| Which principle of Lamarck did Weissman try to disprove (prove wrong)? How did he do this? | Weismann disproved Lamarck’s idea of Inheriting ACQUIRED Traits He did this by cutting the tails off of mice and letting them breeding (mate) them to see if their offspring (babies) had no tail… .THEY DID HAVE TAILS, so he succeeded. |
| How were Lamarck’s and Darwin’s ideas similar? | Both Lamarck and Darwin believed that organisms changed over time, and that these changes could help them survive. The changes could then get passed down to the young. |
| Identify the 6 main ideas of Darwin’s theory of evolution and be able to explain. Idea 1: | Idea 1: Overproduction Define: More offspring (babies) are produced than will actually survive! |
| Identify the 6 main ideas of Darwin’s theory of evolution and be able to explain. Idea 2: | Idea 2: Variation Define: There are differences in the offspring that are produced. There are variation (differences) within the specific adaptation Ex: Coat Color |
| Identify the 6 main ideas of Darwin’s theory of evolution and be able to explain. Idea 3: | Idea 3: Competition Define: Natural resources are limited, so…organisms compete for food, water, space, mates. |
| Identify the 6 main ideas of Darwin’s theory of evolution and be able to explain. Idea 4: | Idea 4: Survival of the fittest Define: Variation (differences) make some organisms better suited for their environment. AND the best adapted most often survive. |
| Identify the 6 main ideas of Darwin’s theory of evolution and be able to explain. Idea 5: | Idea 5: Reproduction Define: Those with the best adaptation usually survive and reproduce. The “good traits” are passed onto the next generation. |
| Identify the 6 main ideas of Darwin’s theory of evolution and be able to explain. Idea 6: | Idea 6: Speciation Define: New species form as variations or adaptations accumulate in a population. |
| How are interspecific and intraspecific competition different? | Intraspecific Competition: Occurs between individuals of the same species. Interspecific Competition: Occurs between individuals of different species. |
| Example of intraspecific competition | Two male birds of the same species might compete for mates in the same area. |
| Example of interspecific competition | Example: same type of fish in ocean ecosystems, so they compete for food. |
| What couldn’t Darwin explain in his theory of evolution? (What did Darwin not KNOW about?) | Darwin didn't know about mutations/DNA |
| What island was most influential in the formation of Darwin’s theory of natural selection? | Galapagos Islands |
| Which evolutionary biologist does modern theory of evolution follow (Lamarck or Darwin)? What has been added? | Darwin-knowledge of DNA |
| What is the “selecting agent/driving force” in natural selection and evolution? | In natural selection--the selecting agent is the environment and changes in the environment. |
| What is the “selecting agent/driving force” in artificial selection? | In artificial selection--the selecting agent is HUMANS--in other words, humans choose what trait/feature they want and breed the organisms specifically to get more of that trait (selective breeding) |
| The fossil record. What is a fossil and where can they be found? | --a fossil is the preserved remains of ancient organisms. --They are found in Sedimentary rock. |
| How can you tell which fossils are older based on where they are found in undisturbed layers of rock? | The fossils found in the deepest layers are the oldest. The youngest fossils are found closest to the top, the upper layers |
| What is Comparative Anatomy? | Observing the detailed structure of parts of the organism that reveal (show) many similarities… this suggests COMMON ANCESTOR! |
| What is Comparative Embryology? | The development of embryos of organisms that are very different when mature show similarities during their early stages |
| Comparative Cytology | All cells share certain structures: REMEMBER:ALL cells MUST have: cell membrane, genetic information, cytoplasm, and ribosomes! |
| Comparative Biochemistry | Comparing biochemical material such as enzymes, hormones, and DNA to identify close relationships between species |
| What are Homologous Structures:? | STRUCTURE WITH THE SAME EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE BUT A DIFFERENT FUNCTION JOB) *****Came from the SAME part/area of the embryo! ***** |
| What are Analogous Structures? | different embryonic origin, but similar functions/jobs *****Came from DIFFERENT part/area of the embryo! ***** |
| Define geographic isolation | When populations become separated by a geographic feature (water, mountains) and each gene pool of that population becomes a new species. (Gene Pool-all the genes of a particular population) |
| How does geographic isolation lead to reproductive isolation? | Geographic Isolation LEADS to Reproductive Isolation--the new species can no longer reproduce with the original population |
| How are gradualism and punctuated equilibrium different? | Gradualism: slow, steady, and progressive change over time Punctuated Equilibrium: periods of NO CHANGE and then, very fast/rapid change usually because of a BIG change in the environment |
| What is the Identify the source(s) of variation that lead to evolution? Why are these sources significant for evolution? | Mutations (gene variants) OR from a normal process in which genetic material is rearranged (moved around) as a cell gets ready to divide (called genetic recombination). |
| How does the rate of sexual reproduction affect the evolution of a species? (Ex. Evolution is faster in bacteria than elephants.) | The faster an organism reproduces (shorter gestational/development cycle), the faster it will evolve. Bacteria reproduce very quickly/often, so they are able to evolve more quickly. |
| How do bacteria develop a resistance to antibiotics. Why is this an example of natural selection? | The weaker bacteria will be killed at first, but the stronger bacteria mutate & become resistant to the antibiotics- the antibiotics will NOT KILL them Caused by: OVERUSE & MISUSE of antibiotics. Bacteria who survive are RESISTANT or harder to KILL! |
| What is biodiversity? | biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems. |
| Why is biodiversity so important to stability on the planet? | The greater the biodiversity, the more stable the ecosystem BECAUSE if there are multiple species occupying a niche, it helps ensure that if one species dies, there are others there to fill in the gaps. |
| Be able to read and complete a dichotomous key AND make your own dichotomous key Refer back to your Shark Dichotomous Key lab. Link to my copy: **23 Shark Classification DKey Original | Refer back to your Shark Dichotomous Key lab. Link to my copy: **23 Shark Classification DKey Original |
Created by:
Mrs. Curcio
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