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Road to War 1920-39
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| End of WWI: know at least 4 locations in the world where fighting between groups was occurring in the 1920s | 1)Germans fighting over control of their govt 2)Arabs & Jews fighting over land in Palestine 3)Greeks fighting for independence from Turks (greece) 4)Irish fighting British (and each other) for freedom (Ireland) |
| what were the main 2 goals of the various agreements in the 1920s and 1930s? | LoN 1920:resolve disputes peacefully, failed 9 Power Treaty '22:West Euro&US;each country agreed not colonize China, divide into sphere of influence for trade Dawes Plan '24&Young Plan '29:DP=↓G's reparations, YP=2nd reduction of rep. Hurt F and B econ. |
| Economic conditions in the early 1920s | Euro's econ struggled bc 1) farms/factories mostly destroyed 2) many working age men were killed/injured=not enough labor 3) worldwide trade ↓, few europeans could buy imports 4) hyperinflation in G->1918 $1=9 marks, 1923 $1=4 bil. marks |
| Economic conditions in the mid-1920s* | Understand how the Dawes Plan and Young Plan injected money into the world economy (there is a graphic organizer in your notes.) |
| Economic conditions in the 1929 | Great Depression started in 1929 & destroyed (eventually) the world economy |
| Economic Consequences of the Peace | John Maynard Keynes, an English economist, wrote TECOTP where he predicted that war reparations on G would lead to econ. collapse for euro & the world |
| Deficit spending | Keynes advocated for deficit spending (govt spending more than it collects) during recessions of the business cycle bc it he thought it was critical for driving up demand & necessary for full employment. Overdoing this increases inflation. |
| According to Keynes, what is the role of government during economic hard times? | To create jobs and boost consumer buying power during a recession, Keynes believed that the role of the govt is to increase spending, even if it means going into debt. |
| inflation | Increase in prices |
| What were Hayek’s concerns about Keynes’ belief in the role of government in the economy? | H believed govt intervention leads to ↑ debt & inflation, when govt spends $ on projects it's favoring that business over others |
| Problems in G: Weimar Republic | |
| Hitler's beliefs: Mein Kampf | Political manifesto book written by Hitler |
| Hitler's beliefs:Nationalism/pan-Germanism | Pan-G was important, therefore all German speakers should be united under one govt, nationalism should be used to ↑ G's pride in themselves & Germany |
| Hitler's beliefs:Racism | G was the superior race |
| Hitler's beliefs:Aryans | Germans were Aryans, a mythical group descended from Nordic nomads who invaded India. Slavs and Jews were inferior races living side by side w/Aryans |
| Hitler's beliefs:Antisemitism | AS was racism @ the time, starting ~1880s Jews believed to be a different race rather than different ethnic group w/diff. religious beliefs |
| Hitler's beliefs:Dangers of democracy, communism, and capitalism* | Communism dangerous bc of its belief in international unions of workers-->not nationalism, Democracy dangerous bc civil rights (ex. free press) & multiple political parties weakened social unity. |
| Hitler's beliefs:Lebensraum | Lebensraum=living space for Germans, superior Gs should expand eastward for more space (they would need to conquer&remove Slavs to get the land) |
| Hitler's beliefs:Scapegoat | Jews were cause of G's problems even though they were ~2% of the German pop. Weimar govt stabbed Gs in the back by signing Treaty of Versailles |
| Hitler's beliefs:Violence | violence=strength, therefore: conquering weaker ppl is beneficial for society, violence can be used to intimidate opponents, chaos that violence brings to cities scares wealth & mid class (fear makes it easier to support) |
| Hitler's beliefs:Propaganda | Propaganda is important: can be used to ↑ support for "us" by exaggerating positives, can be used to ↓ support & sympathy for "them" by portraying others as destructive |
| Hitler's beliefs:Nazi party | Hitler joined Nazis & became leader in 1921, Nazis were a small fascist party when he joined |
| Hitler's beliefs:Beer hall putsch | Putsch - a coup (or an attempt at overthrowing a govt) In 1923 Hitler led a small group of Nazis in an attempt to take over Bavarian state govt in Munich-->failed, H went to jail, dictated his autobiography to a fellow Nazi |
| Third Reich: Reichstag, Article 48, Enabling Act | 1933, Reichstag(building where govt meets) fire, after:Pres. Hindenburg use Article 48 Weimar govts constitution (leader rule temp. as dictator), Nazis pass Enabling Act to make permanent (accepted by busi class->they want H to↓commies then they replace H |
| Third Reich:Chancellor | |
| Third Reich:Why did business and social leaders support the Nazis? | |
| Important Nazi groups and leaders:SA and E. Rohm | Ernest Rohm was the leader of the SA: a paramilitary organiz. associated w/ Nazi party, violently enforced party norms, attempted influence elections. Founded 1921, critical to H's↑in power, disbanded in 1945 after losing power to the SS in 1934 SA purge. |
| Important Nazi groups and leaders: SS and H. Himmler | Heinrich Himmler leader of SS: established in 1925, originally as H's personal bodyguard unit, later elite guard of Nazi Reich &H's executive force that carried out all security related duties-->removal/murder of "racial enemies" of regime (ex. Euro Jews) |
| Important Nazi groups and leaders: Gestapo | Nazi G's infamous political police force. A reliably brutal tool that enforced Nazism's most radical impulses. Used informant, house searches, and torture to carry out investigations, deported Jews to ghettos, concentration camps, etc. |
| Important Nazi groups and leaders: Ministry of Propaganda and Public Enlightenment and J. Goebbels | Goebbels led MOPAPE: established in 1932, controlled film, radio, theater, & press. Only "racially pure" editors &journalists part of press, no Jews. Ppl who failed to follow instructions (promoted Nazis) sent to concentration camps/fired. No free press |
| Nazi violence against opponents: Night of the Long Knives | June 30-July 2 1934 Purge of SA leadership. H feared SA & Ernst Röhm potential threat--Göring & Himmler gave H news of Röhm organizing coup . H combined offices of President & Chancellor & declare himself Fuhrer of new Reich by ridding political opponents |
| Nazi violence against opponents: Nuremberg Laws | 1935 Nuremberg laws put Nazi's ideas abt race into law. Ex) a citizen was a person of G blood, and Jews were not G so they didn't have rights; banned intermarriage btwn Jews and G; a person with three or four Jewish grandparents was a Jew |
| Nazi violence against opponents: Kristallnacht | Nov. 9–10, 1938 The Night of Broken Glass= Nazi leaders unleashed pogroms against the Jews in Germany and recently incorporated territories. Shattered glass littered streets after vandalism and destruction of Jewish businesses, synagogues, homes. |
| Nazi diplomacy:Concordat with Vatican | Nazis tried to gain legitimacy by negotiating treaties w/other countries. Concordat (treaty) w/ Vatican 1933= catholics could practice their religion freely on Germany, in exchange Pope wouldn't criticize Nazi actions & politics |
| Nazi diplomacy:Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis | 1936 - the alliance between Italy, Germany, and Japan who fought against Allied forces in World War II. |
| Nazi diplomacy: Non-Aggression Pact | USSR & Germany agreed not to attack each other. Secretly Hitler & Stalin agreed to split Poland |
Created by:
undercoverkookie68
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