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AP Psych Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classical Conditioning | Associate 2 stimuli to anticipate events. Response is automatic and involuntary |
| Operant Conditioning | Associate a response and its consequence. Behavior is voluntary. |
| Observational Learning | Watching others be rewarded or punished |
| Cognitive Learning | Learning things we haven't experienced or observed |
| Habituation | When repeated stimulation produces waning responsiveness |
| Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together. Associations may be positive or negative |
| Ivan Pavlov | Behaviorist, discovered classical conditioning by studying dogs' digestive systems |
| Stimulus | Any event or situation that evokes a response |
| Response | The behavior that follows the stimulus |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | Unlearned, automatic |
| Unconditioned Response | Unlearned, automatic |
| Conditioned Stimulus | Learned by pairing with unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditional Response | Automatic response to conditioned stimulus |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| Operant Conditioning | Learning which behavior increases with reinforcers, and decreases with punishment |
| Law of Effect | Behaviors followed by favorable reinforcements will increase |
| Reinforcement | Anything that increases a behavior |
| Positive Reinforcement | Adding something desirable to increase a behavior |
| Negative Reinforcement | Removing something aversive to increase a behavior |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcement guides behavior closer to the desired behavior |
| Discriminative Stimulus | Telling the difference between similar stimuli |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforce a behavior every time it occurs |
| Partial Reinforcement | Reinforce behavior some of the time |
| Fixed Ratio Schedule | Reinforcement occurs after a set number of reponses |
| Variable Ratio Schedule | Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses |
| Fixed Interval Schedule | Reinforcement occurs after a set length of time |
| Variable Interval Schedule | Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable amount of time |
| Evolutionary Perspective | We learn what helps us survive |
| Taste Aversion (John Garcia) | Rats avoided what made them sick |
| Instinctive Drift | The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Insight | Abrupt solution to a problem |
| Intrinsic Motivation | The desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
| Overjustification Effect | Promising a reward for a behavior that is already intrinsically motivated may decrease the desire to do it |
| Extrinsic Motivation | The desire to perform a behavior to receive rewards/avoid punishment |
| Albert Bandura | Children who observe aggressive actions are more likely to behave aggressively |
| Vivacious Reinforcement/Punishment | We experience things through watching others |
| Mirror Neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another's actions |
| Prosocial Modeling | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior |
| Violence-Viewing Effect | Viewing media violence can cause aggression |
| Observational Learning | Learning without direct experience by watching and imitating adults |
| Learned Helplessness | When you give up after repeated attempts to stop a negative stimulus fail |
| Problem-Focused Coping | Deals directly with the challenge |
| Emotion-Focused Coping | Deals with the negative emotions around the challenge |
| Biofeedback | Process of monitoring and responding to physical changes to improve mental wellbeing |
Created by:
nataliastornello
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