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AP7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Turkification | A process of cultural change designed to make all citizens of the empire feel a part of a common Turkish heritage and society |
| Bolshevik | A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917 |
| communists | people who seek the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all private property |
| Young Turks | Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire. |
| Mexican Revolution of 1910 | populist, reformist uprising that overthrew the dictatorial presidency of Porfirio Diaz |
| Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) | the political party introduced in 1929 in Mexico that helped to introduce democracy and maintain political stability for much of the 20th century |
| Sun Yat-sen | Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. |
| Kemal Atatürk (Turkey) | nationalist leader who westernized, modernized, democratized, and secularized Turkey after World War 1 |
| Porfirio Diaz | Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910. |
| Francisco Madero | Early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered, led to power struggles |
| Francisco "Pancho" Villa | Mexican Revolutionary general and one of the most prominent figures of the Mexican Revolution |
| Emiliano Zapata | Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. He was ultimately defeated and assassinated. |
| Bloody Sunday 1905 | Peaceful protest against the czar where protesters are shot by the army, forces reforms- internal cause of the revolution |
| Revolution of 1905 (Russia) | Nicholas II failed to fix the political, economic & social problems in Russia; result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities. Internal cause of Russian revolution. |
| Russo-Japanese War | A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea, external cause or Russian Revolution |
| World War I | A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) & the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918. |
| Vladimir Lenin | Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924). |
| Soviet Union | A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991. |
| capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of capital |
| Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) | Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth. |
| Causes of Chinese Revolution | 1) Ethnic Tension (minority rule of Manchu Chinese over majority Han population) 2) Famine 3) No internal improvements because the taxes were too low 4) European influence |
| Chinese Republic | established in 1912 to replace the imperial system, ruled by the Nationalist Party. When Nationalist forces fled the mainland following their defeat by the Communists in 1949, it was reestablished on the island of Taiwan |
| Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. |
| The Three People's Principles | Sun Yet-sen's book on Confucianism, democracy, nationalism, and livelihood |
| Kuomintang | The Chinese Nationalist Party, formed after the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. |
| Fall of the Ottoman Empire | This event occurred in 1918 as a result of internal factors such as civic unrest, and external factors, mainly the empire's defeat during WWI and its occupation and partitioning by the victors. |
| Mexican Constitution of 1917 | Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution. |
| Allied Powers (WWI) | Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Serbia Greece (later the U.S.) |
| Central Powers (WWI) | Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria |
| Neutral States (WWI) | Spain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Albania |
| Great War | Known as World War I and the War to End All Wars: a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers from 1914 to 1919. |
| Gavrilo Princip | The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I. |
| Triple Entente | A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I. |
| Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy |
| Black Hand | Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I. |
| militarism | A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war |
| Secret Alliances | When nations joined together to support each other. Was originally meant to keep peace, but instead pushed nations into WWI. Triple Entente Vs. Triple Alliance |
| Causes of World War I | nationalism, imperialism, militarism, creation of alliances (Central and Allied Powers); immediate cause: assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) by a Serb on June 28, 1914 |
| Self-determination | Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves |
| MAIN (WWI) | Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism |
| Conscription | A military draft |
| stalemate | A situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible |
| propaganda | Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. |
| global war | A war where almost everyone is involved, all across the globe |
| Self-determination | Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves |
| reparations | As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany. |
| Lusitania | A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war. |
| Zimmerman Telegram | March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany. In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico. |
| total war | A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort |
| ANZAC | The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, which was a combined force of Australian and New Zealand volunteer soldiers |
| Gallipoli | A poorly planned/executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli during 1915 in World War I. Intended to open up a sea lane to the Russians through the Black Sea, the attempt failed with more than 50 percent casualties on both sides |
| Paris Peace Conference | The great rulers & countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful. |
| Big Four | Italy, France, England, and the U.S. 4 powers who met at Versailles to discuss peace |
| Woodrow Wilson | President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. |
| David Lloyd George | Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses |
| George Clemenceau | French prime minister in last years of WWI and during Versailles Conference of 1919. Pushed for heavy reparations from Germans. Wanted to make Germans suffer and help break Germany up. |
| Vittorio Orlando | He was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points. |
| Fourteen Points | A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I. |
| League of Nations | an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations |
| Treaty of Versailles (1919) | Treaty that ended World War I - most important part was the forced blame on Germany and other allies |
| Weimar Republic | New German republic - in 1921 owed 33 billion annually to the allied reparations commission. To recover from its severe economic issues the annual fees were reduced each year depending on the level of German economic prosperity |
| trench warfare | A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. |
| poison gas | Introduced by the Germans and was used by both sides during the war; caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation |
| Machine Guns (WWI) | The machine gun typically required a six to eight-man team to operate: one fired, one fed the ammunition, the rest helped to carry the weapon, its ammunition and spare parts. |
| Submarine Warfare | Used during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain |
| Airplanes in WWI | used to spy on the enemy. resulted in more battles with the air force (dog fights) |
| Tanks in WWI | WWI saw the introduction of these armored vehicles, which were impenetrable to bullets and could roll into a battle unharmed. Tanks were so successful that they were advanced to WWII. |
| u-boat | a German submarine that was the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WW1 |
| All Quiet on the Western Front | (1929) a novel written by Erich Maria Remarque illustrating the horrors of World War I & the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published. |
| Pals Battalions | The Pals battalions were units in the British Army that grouped men who were friends and had enlisted together. |
| Women in WWI | Took up jobs of males: Railroad, docks, factories, built ships and airplanes, nurses, ambulance drivers, switchboard operators, etc. |
| US entry into WWI | unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany; Zimmerman note, economic ties, democracy |
| First Russian Battalion of Death | all-female Russian battalion led by Maria Bochkareva, propaganda to shame men into joining the military |
| inflation | A continuous rise in the price of goods and services |
| deficit spending | Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes |
| relief | aid for the needy; welfare |
| recovery | a rise in business activity after a recession or depression |
| reform | to change for the better (hopefully) |
| collectivize | to run or organize a farm according to principles of united control; often used by Communist countries to expedite industrial and agricultural production resulting in shortages |
| Kolkhoz | A collective farm in the Soviet Union |
| Corporatism | a theory based on the notion that sectors of the economy, the employers, the trade unions, and state officials, are seen as separate organs of the same body |
| Great Depression | the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s |
| New Deal | A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression. (It didn't) |
| New Economic Plan | Plan implemented by Lenin that allowed some private ownership of businesses and small plots of land. |
| Five Year Plan | Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine |
| John Maynard Keynes | English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946) |
| Russian Civil War | 1918-1920: conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army. |
| Spanish Civil War | In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, & Communists was elected. Francisco Franco led the rebellion, which quickly became a civil war. |
| Guernica | a Spanish town that was brutally bombed and was full of innocent civilians it was supposed to encourage fear, Picasso painted a famous painting capturing Guernica |
| Politburo | The executive committee and chief policy making body of a communist party |
| Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) | the political party introduced in 1929 in Mexico that helped to introduce democracy and maintain political stability for much of the 20th century |
| fascism | A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism |
| totalitarian state | country where a single party controls the government and every aspect of the lives of the people |
| Popular Front | a coalition of left-wing parties; was elected by Spanish citizens in 1936 to lead the government |
| Nationalists | the insurgents in the Spanish Civil War, led by Francisco Franco |
| Republicans | Spaniards who are against General Franco in the Spanish Civil war because they want to keep the Republic, also known as Loyalists |
| Luftwaffe | the German air force before and during World War II |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) | Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991. |
| Soviet Union | A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991. Also known as the USSR. |
| Libya | Italian colony in northern Africa |
| Italian Somaliland | Protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy in Somalia. |
| Spanish Republic | formed in 1931 after King Alfonso VIII abdicated; supported by the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War |
| Basque Region | in the western Pyrenees, and part of the territory belongs to Spain and part to France |
| hypernationalism | Extreme nationalism, the belief in the superiority of one's nation and of the paramount importance of advancing it. |
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) | 32nd president of the United States. President from 1933 until his death in 1945 during both the Great Depression & World War II. Only president to have been elected 4 times, a feat no longer permissible due to the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution. |
| Lazaro Cardenas | President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry |
| Francisco Franco | Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975). |
| Gulag | in the Soviet Union, a system of forced labor camps in which millions of criminals and political prisoners were held under Stalin |
| PEMEX | Mexican Petroleum; a government agency that runs the oil industry in Mexico |
| Getulio Vargas | Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization. |
| Estado Novo | The Brazilian, populist authoritarian regime of Getulio Vargas between 1937 and 1945 |
| Three Approaches to Modern Industrial Society | Communism, Capitalism, Fascism |
| Keynsian Economics | the idea that governments can manipulate macroeconomic demand through taxation and spending policies in order to foster stable growth |
| Joseph Stalin | Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. |
| decolonization | The acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory. |
| Mandate System | Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision. |
| Balfour Declaration | 1917, Britain's declaration of support for the foundation of a Jewish state or nation in Palestine. |
| Civil Disobedience | A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences. |
| Big Three | David Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, and Georges Clemenceau |
| Mohandas Ghandi (Mahatma) | Leader of the non-violent independence movement in India |
| Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948) |
| Jawaharlal Nehru | Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964). |
| Mao Zedong | Chinese Communist leader from 1949 to 1976. |
| Chiang Kai-shek | General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. |
| Pan-Arabism | A movement that calls for unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts that the Arabs constitute a single nation. |
| Indian National Congress | A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. |
| Satyagraha | the form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms |
| Salt March | passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt. |
| March First Movement | non-violent protest by Korea against the Japanese, Japanese crushed the uprising and massacred many Koreans, became a rallying symbol for Korean nationalists |
| May Fourth Movement | A national protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference. |
| Chinese Communist Party (CCP) | The only legal party in China, which has run the country since 1949. |
| Kuomintang | The Chinese Nationalist Party, formed after the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. |
| Long March | The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. |
| Palestine | A territory in the Middle East on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. |
| Pakistan | a Muslim republic that occupies the heartland of ancient south Asian civilization in the Indus River valley |
| Amritsar Massacre | To protest the Rowlatt Act, Indians gathered in Amritsar, where British troops fired on the crowd killing several hundred. This sparked further protests |
| Manchukuo | Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931 |
| Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere | Japan's "empire" which Japan claimed would protect Asian countries from Western imperialism and bring economic benefits. |
| Zionists | Supporters of Jewish nationalism, especially a creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. |
| Mahatma | "Great Soul"; title given to Gandhi |
| Jomo Kenyatta | A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya |
| Leopold Sedar Senghor | One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values, president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980 |
| Political causes of WWII | Japan's militarism, Germany's militarism, the rise of Hitler |
| Adolf Hitler | Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust. |
| Neville Chamberlain | Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement |
| Weimar Republic | German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy. |
| Sudentland | A region in western Czechoslovakia which Germany wanted to annex, and the other leaders let him believing that would be the end of his demands. |
| Danzig | Because Danzig had a large German population, Hitler claimed it for Germany. After securing Austria and Czechoslovakia, Hitler intensified his campaign against Poland. |
| Kristallnacht | (Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews. |
| Lebensraum | Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people |
| Anschluss | The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. |
| Munich Agreement | Agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war |
| Rome-Berlin Axis | the alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler) |
| Anti-Comintern Pact | treaty between Germany and Japan promising a common front against communism |
| Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, Japan |
| German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact | The non-aggression pact was an agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other. This allowed for German victories in the west without worries of the east. |
| Nazis | Hitler's National Socialist Party |
| Reichstag | the parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. After 1949 it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag. |
| Third Reich | The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s. |
| Mein Kampf | "My Struggle"-a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany |
| Scientific Racism | nineteenth-century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race |
| Anti-Semitism | Prejudice against Jews |
| Aryans | Germanic people seen as the master race |
| appeasement | A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler. |
| Gypsies (Roma) | Nomadic people originally from India who were targeted for destruction by the Nazis. |
| Nuremburg Laws | 1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood. |
| Diplomatic causes of WWII | Imbalance of the Treaty of Versailles, Failure of appeasement, Failure of League of Nations |
| Economic causes of WWII | global depression, Treaty of Versailles |
| Vichy | French collaborationist government with Germany established in 1940 in southern France following defeat of French armies by the Germans. |
| Lend-Lease Act | 1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security |
| Battle of Britain | An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. |
| Siege of Leningrad | (1941-1942) Nazi army's unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Leningrad in the Soviet Union during World War II; as many as 1 million civilians perished during the siege |
| Pearl Harbor | United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. |
| Battle of El Alamein | 1942-British victory in WWII that stopped the Axis forces from advancing into Northern Africa |
| Battle of Stalingrad | Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. |
| Battle of the Coral Sea | A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia. |
| Battle of Midway Island | A naval and air battle fought in World War II in which planes from American aircraft carriers blunted another assault on Hawaii and did enough damage to halt the Japanese advance. Was a major turning point in the war against Japan. |
| Guadalcanal | first U.S. land victory over the Japanese, 1943 |
| island hopping | American military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others |
| D-Day | Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944 |
| Battle of the Bulge | December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. Germany staged a massive counterattack in which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance. |
| Battle of Kursk | German forces soundly defeated by the Soviets, greatest tank battle of WWII |
| V-E Day | May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered |
| Hiroshima | City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. |
| Nagasaki | Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945). |
| V-J Day | "Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945 |
| Nonaggression Pact | 1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland |
| Destroyers for Bases Agreement | Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean. |
| Atlantic Charter | 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war |
| Winston Churchill | A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. |
| Erwin Rommel | "Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day |
| Douglas MacArthur | American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II. |
| Blitzkrieg | "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939 |
| Luftwaffe | German air force during WWII |
| aircraft carrier | ships that accommodate the taking off and landing of airplanes, and transport aircraft |
| Armistice Day | November 11, 1918; Germany signed an armistice (an agreement to stop fighting); this US holiday is now known as Veterans Day |
| Hamburg | German city that suffered large civilian casualties due to Allied bombings |
| Dresden | German city ferociously firebombed by the Allies from February 13 to 15, 1945 |
| Tokyo | firebombed by the US during World War II |
| genocide | Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group |
| Final Solution | Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people |
| Asia for Asiatics | Japanese slogan during invasion of Southeast Asia |
| Holocaust | A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. |
| ethnic cleansing | Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region |
| balkanization | The contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries. |
| International Criminal Court (ICC) | a court established by the United Nations for indicting and administering justice to people who commit war crimes |
| Bosnia | Former Yugoslavian republic that saw genocide when the Serbians killed Bosnian Muslims; US and NATO launch airstrikes against Serbians |
| Rwanda | (1995) African nation that experienced genocide against its Tutsi population, carried out by Hutus. |
| Darfur | a region in western Sudan where ethnic conflict lead to genocide |
| Heinrich Himmler | German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945) |
| Slobodan Milosevic | President of Serbia from 1989 to 1997 and of Yugoslavia 1997 to 2000. A key figure in the ethnic conflicts in the Balkans in the 1900's. |
| Omar al-Bashir | President of Sudan's government. Responsibility for the government killings in Dafur and the arming and recruitment of the Islamic militia the Janjaweed killings |
| Lost Generation | Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe |
| Armenians | Christians in the Ottoman Empire, who faced genocide during World War I. |
| Tutsis | the main minority group in Rwanda and Burundi |
| Hutus | the group that forms the majority in Rwanda and Burundi |
| firebombing | A bombing technique that destroys a target through the use of fire; instead of a large blast from bombs incendiary devices are used to cause damage. One of many techniques used during WW2 to cause mass murder and destruction |
| Influenza Epidemic of 1918 | largely overlooked because of war, killed 550,000 Americans, 50-100 million died worldwide, facilitated by bad health conditions in war camps, helped by Red Cross and Public Health Service |
| pandemic | Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. |
| Nuremberg Laws | 1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood. |
| ghetto | The section of a city where Jews were forced to live |
| Janjaweed | Black Arabic-speaking militia responsible for most of the Darfur genocide |
| Comfort Women | women from Japanese colonies & occupied territories (mainly from Korea & China) forced to serve in military brothels ("comfort houses" / "consolation centers") during WWII; many were war casualties; either killed or had to live w/ deep shame after war |
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