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Module 8 Lesson 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is Islam similar to Judaism and Christianity? | Allah is the same God worshipped in Christianity and Judaism (Jesus is considered a prophet, not God's son) All three religions are Abrahamic Teachings are similar in all holy books (Bible, Torah, Qu'ran) Concept of heaven and hell |
| Who was Muhammad? | The Prophet of Islam whom Muslims recognize as Allah's messenger to all humankind. His teachings form the basis of Islam |
| Who were members of clans? | Arab nomads called Bedouins; they offered security and support for a life that was made difficult by desert conditions. Their ideals of courage, warrior skills, and loyalty to family became part of the Islamic way of life |
| What are the five pillars of Islam? | Faith-testifying that Allah is the only god Prayer-five times a day anywhere Alms-support poor/portion of income is donated Fasting-eat 1 meal to humble physical needs Pilgrimage-all able Muslims must travel to Mecca and stand equal before Allah |
| Why was Muhammad convinced he was one of the only prophets left? | While meditating in a cave outside of Mecca, he heard a voice that called to him and he began to "soul-search". The voice that spoke through Gabriel was supposedly Allah. Muhammad spread the teachings of Allah, such as he was the only God |
| Why would religious pilgrims stop in Mecca in western Arabia? | They would all vitis the shrine in the city called Kaaba, which was associated with Abraham, a believer in one God and who would later be considered a prophet by Muslims |
| What was an outcome of the cultures of the Arabian Peninsula (Southwest Asia, Africa, Asia, Europe) always being in contact? | The trade of goods, new ideas, and the religion of Islam |
| Who was the Muslim community's first caliph (deputy)? | Abu-Bakr (loyal friend of Muhammad)-because Muhammad had not named a successor or instructed his followers on how to choose one, the Muslims relied on ancient tribal customs. Abu-Bakr elected the next 3 caliphs that used the Qur'an to lead. |
| Why did Abu-Bakr invoke jihad? | Some tribes in the Arabian Peninsula abandoned Islam while others refused to pay taxes and declared themselves prophets. Jihad encouraged and justified the expansion of Islam |
| How did the rightly-guided caliphs make great progress in Islam's expansion/reasons for success of Islam? | Muslims armies were strong due to weakly disciplined armies in two empires north of Arabia Muslims were not persecuted by Byzantine or Sassanid rule, who opposed Christianity and Zoroastrianism---persecuted people were allowed to accept Islam |
| How did the rightly-guided caliphs make great progress in Islam's expansion/reasons for success of Islam? (pt. 2) | People were attracted by the economic benefits of Muslims (not having to pay a poll tax) People loved Islam's morals (spread hope and equality throughout the world) |
| What was the outcome(s) of the assassination of Uthman, the civil war, and the assassination of Ali? | The system of choosing a caliph died. The Umayyad family came into power. They abandoned the simple life and surrounded themselves with wealth. This created a divide in the community. The Muslim capital was moved to Damascus, distancing Arab Muslims |
| What were the beliefs of the divided groups? | Shi'ites-believed that caliphs had to descend from Muhammad/Sunnis distort Qur'an Sunnis-did not resist Umayyads' power/rulers should lead Muhammad's example Sufis-rebelled the Umayyads' rich life and pursued lives of poverty and devotion to a spirit |
| What were the two major sea-trading networks of the Muslim world? | The Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean; merchants used the common currency of the Abbasid dinar and the common language of Arabic |
| What was the structure of the society of Baghdad? | 1st; Muslims from birth 2nd: converts to Islam 3rd: protected people; Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians 4th: slaves (prisoners of war or non-Muslims) worked in households of fought in the military |
| What were some of the tasks of women in Baghdad? | The poor worked in the fields with their husbands. The rich watched the house and the servants and could have an education. Women were responsible for raising kids. Women were engaged in public life. Over time, they were isolated and forced to wear veils. |
| Why were Muslims motivated to spread knowledge and science? | Rulers wanted qualified physicians to treat illnesses. The Muslims relied on math and astronomy to calculate the times of prayer and the direction of Mecca. Their attitude reflected their curiosity about the world. Muhammad also prioritized knowledge. |
| What was the purpose of the House of Wisdom opened by al-Ma'mun in Baghdad? | Scholars of different cultures and beliefs worked side by side to translate texts from Greece, India, Persia, and elsewhere into Arabic. Researchers, editors, linguists, and tech advisers studied here. Some techniques are basic methods used today. |
| What were some common themes/tastes of literature in the Arabic world? | Muslim poets sang praises of Muhammad and of Islam and, later, of the caliphs and other patrons who supported them. During the Abbasid caliphate, literature expanded to poems about nature, love, and life pleasures. |
| As Muslims expanded their empire, the Arabs entered regions with rich artistic traditions. What is one example of how the Muslims adapted to the traditions of the new regions, but still maintained their Islamic beliefs? | Ex. Muslims avoided creating art of living things because they believed that only Allah could create life, so they turned to calligraphy or decorative arts such as woodwork, glass ceramics, and textiles. |
| What is an example of Muslim architecture that reflected cultural blending in the Muslim world? | Ex. The Great Mosque of Damascus was built on the site of a Christian church. It was a huge dome with a vaulted ceiling that blended Byzantine architecture with Muslim ideas |
| Who was the greatest physician of the Muslim world and what were some of his accomplishments? | al-Razi; he wrote an encyclopedia called the Comprehensive Book that drew on knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic, and Indian sources as well as on his own experience. He wrote Treatise on Smallpox and Measles. It was translated to several languages. |
| How did the Muslim and Greek methods of solving problems differ? | The Greek scientists preferred logical reasoning over uncovering facts through observation like the Muslim scientists. They preferred to solve problems by conducting experiments in laboratory settings. |
| What was Al-Khwarizmi's greatest accomplishment? | He wrote a textbook explaining the "art of bringing together unknowns to match a known quantity" or al-jabr. Today, this method is called algebra. |
| Who published the book called Optics that revolutionized ideas about vision? | Ibn al-Haytham; he proved that people see objects because rays pass from the objects to the eyes, not from the eyes to the objects as commonly believed. |
| What was the Muslim Agricultural Revolution? | The transformation in agriculture that occurred throughout the Muslim world; traders introduced a variety of new crops and farming techniques to Muslim lands |
| How were Moses Ben Maimon and Ibn Rushd alike? | Both attempted to blend the philosophies of other cultures (including Greek) with their own (Islamic and Jewish). They were criticized by others for their opinions and faced strong oppositions for their ideas. |
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