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American Revolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| King George III (r. 1760-1820) | British king unpopular in the American colonies, because he imposed harsh taxes without government representation |
| Seven Years' War (1754-1763) | war between Britain and France for American territory, in which the British ultimately won and began to impose harsh taxes on the American colonies to fund the war |
| Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770) | British troops sent to control political uprisings in the colonies; opened fire on a crowd in Boston; news of the event spread quickly through the colonies and increased disdain for the British |
| Boston Tea Party (1773) | 324 chests of British tea thrown into the Boston Harbor as an act of rebellion; led by Sam Adams |
| Tea Act of 1773 | allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to shopkeepers, bypassing American merchants |
| Intolerable Acts (1773) | closed Boston Harbor and all town meetings there; transferred trials of British soldiers to England; reinstated the Quartering Act, meaning British soldiers could seek housing in colonists' homes |
| First Continental Congress (1774) | meeting of 55 delegates to denounce the Intolerable Acts; urged colonists to form militias and suspend trade with Britain |
| Battle of Lexington and Concord (1775) | British sent 700 troops to seize military supplies stashed at Concord , only to meet Paul Revere and his men; American victory, successfully pushed the British back to Boston |
| New York City | first American capital city, from 1785-1790; later moved to Philadelphia, and eventually Washington D.C. |
| Second Continental Congress (1775) | militia renamed the Continental Army, and George Washington is voted as commander; printed paper money, created a committee for foreign affairs |
| "Common Sense" by Thomas Paine | pamphlet denouncing King George III as a tyrant and expanding on the American need for independence from Britain; sold over 150,000 copies |
| Declaration of Independence (1776) | signed on July 4th, 1776, announcing independence from Britain; draws from John Locke and political philosophy of the Enlightenment, like the concept of natural law |
| Battle of Yorktown (1781) | British are outnumbered and outfought in a 3 week siege; Britain surrenders to the Continental Army and their French allies |
| Constitutional Convention (1787) | meeting intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, which was too loose for a strong, centralized government |
| New Jersey Plan | plan suggesting a unimerceral (one-house) legislature, equal representation in Congress, that was supported by smaller states who feared losing power to a stronger, centralized government |
| Virginia Plan | plan suggesting a bimerceral (two-house) legislature, Congress representation based on population, that was supported by larger states |
| The Great Compromise (1787) | compromise establishing a balance between the objectives of both the New Jersey and Virginia plans |
| Three-Fifths Compromise (1787) | agreement in which 3/5 of a states' enslaved people would count to a state's population |
| Bank of North America (est. 1781) | first bank chartered by the Continental Congress to support the Revolutionary war effort |
| Stamp Act (1765) | law in which Parliament established the first direct taxation of goods and services within the British colonies in North America |
| Samuel Adams (1722-1802) | revolutionary who led the agitation leading to the Boston Tea Party and signed the Declaration of Independence |
| Townshend Acts (1767) | series of laws enacted by Parliament establishing indirect taxes on goods imported from Britain by the British colonies in North America |
| martial rule | temporary rule by the military rather than civilian authority |
| Olive Branch Petition (1775) | document sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III, proposing a reconciliation between the colonies and Great Britain |
| Thomas Jefferson (1743- 1826) | member of two Continental Congresses, chairman of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, and third president of the U.S. |
| Patriots | American colonists who supported independence from Britain |
| Loyalists | American colonists who opposed independence from Britain through the Revolutionary War |
| Valley Forge | site in Pennsylvania where the Continental Army spent the winter from 1777-1778 under harsh conditions |
| profiteering | the selling of goods in short supply at inflated prices |
| Yorktown | site where British surrendered in 1781, formally ending the Revolutionary War |
| egalitarianism | the belief that all people should have equal political, economic, social, and civil rights |
| republic | a government in which the citizens rule through elected representatives |
| Articles of Confederation (1781) | document adopted by the Second Continental Congress that outlined the form of government for the United States |
| confederation | an alliance permitting states or nations to act together on matters of mutual concern |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | a law that established a plan for surveying and selling the federally owned lands west of the Appalaichan Mountains |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | a law that established a process for the admittance of states into the Union |
| Shay's Rebellion (1787) | uprising of debt-ridden farmers in Massachussetts protesting increased state taxes |
| federalism | a political system in which a national government and state governments share power |
| checks and balances | the provisions in the U.S. Constitution that prevent any government branch from overpowering the other two |
| The Federalist Papers (1788) | series of essays defending and explaining the Constitution, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison |
| Bill of Rights (1791) | the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, added in 1791, a list of citizens' formal rights and freedoms |
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