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Third Slideshow

World War I

QuestionAnswer
End of Stalemate on the Western Front (1917) Statemale started on Western Front in 1914 ended for 2 major reasons: 1) Russia withdrew from the war 2) US entered the war in April 1917
Reason for end of stalemate on WF #1: Russia withdrew from the war Russian revolution ended with the communist victory, Lenin withdrew the Russians-->as a result, major Allied countries were all democracies
The Zimmerman Telegram: US enters the War in April 1917 Zimmerman knew G submarine campaign would draw US into WWI-->sent a telegram to the G ambassador in Mexico-->if US declared war on G, G would fund campaign to allow M to remake some of territory lost in M-American war. M rejected G's proposal
The US mobilized for war/domestic issues/why US joined WWI: US enters the War in April 1917 US joined in April 1917, but it would be a year before enough troops arrived. Joined Allies bc: 1) still angry bc of Lusitania sinking 2) economic ties to Allies stronger 3) more immigrants from Allied countries 4) Z telegram 5)Allies led by democracies
Pres. Wilson's 14 Point Plan: US enters the War in April 1917 Framework for peace in Euro: 1)no secret treaties 2)freedom to sail oceans 3)limit weapons 4)empire power for (white) people 5)creation of new countries/transfer of land btwn existing ones 6)mandates for B and F to "help" colonies be ready for self rule
Important Battles: US enters the War in April 1917 1918 spring, G Empire final effort to break stalemate on western front: 1)2nd Battle of Marne-->G's last attack into F; Chateau Thierry import. part of battle 2)Meuse-Argonne Offensive-->fall of 1918: set of Allied battles that drove G's soldiers out of F
Germany's Defeat G general Ludendorff didn't want to be blamed for loss-->told Kaiser Wilhelm to ask for armistice in late Sept. 1918. Spread of hunger->civil/military uprisings against G gov in Nov.--> KW abdicated, G signed armistice (truce)-->war ended @ 11 am on 11-11
Important facts about WWI that led to future problems 1) no Allied troops in G-->many G didn't believe Allies won war 2)G gov't had censored press-->most G didn't know extent of G losses 3)Important members of new govt (Weimar Govt) were Jewish-->anger against new govt=anger against Jewish Gs
Casualties: Results of WWI Estimates aren't very good for R: 8-10 mil. soldiers died, ~5 mil civilians died, ~1/2 of F men between 20-32 in 1914 died, 5-20 mil wounded
Shell Shock: Results of WWI Trauma of war caused severe psychological problems for some soldiers today called PTSD but it was called shell shock then
Flu Epidemic: Results of WWI Unsure of where virus originated, spread worldwide 1918-1919, first identified in military personnel in US in spring 1918. ~500 mil or 1/3 of world's pop. in 1918 were infected, ~50 mil dead worldwide w/675,000 in US
Economic Devastation: Results of WWI Economy shifted to the US-->became Europe's supplier of products instead of consumer, US shifted from debtor nation to creditor nation, inflation & high debts hurt Euro's economy for a while-->contributed to rise of Hitler & WWII
Impacts of WWI for Citizens Increased gov't control over citizens: To successfully fight a major war, all govts had to demand more from its citizens & restrict their rights
Economic Control: Impacts of WWI for Citizens govts set price, wages, & rent controls, govts started rationing (g was most serious-->by 1917 Gs were allotted 1000 calories a day; 750,000 starved to death), B govt took over factories to make war supplies
Limits to Civil Rights: Impacts of WWI for Citizens govts put down strikes & threatened strikes w/jail, press censorship increased, B put dissenters on trial for treason
Gov't became less democratic: Impacts of WWI for Citizens military leaders gained political power (except in F), in G Ludendorff was practically a military dictator, most govts igored pacifists calls for peace negotiations, most govts used propaganda that vilified enimies & encouraged patriotism
Participants: Peace Settlements 4 dominant countries: US, B, F, Italy; though millions of R died, R was excluded bc withdrew from WWI in 1917; G, AH, and Ottoman were excluded
Territorial Changes: Treaty of Versailles AH empire became 6 new countries: Austria, Hungary, Czech, & Yugoslavia, Soviet Union lost land to new Baltic states & Poland (remade from R and G land), land transfers left ethnic minorities scattered, some colonies in Middle East became mandates
Germany's Punishment: Treaty of Versailles G had to: pay reparations (cost of war damages)-->~$5 bil/year until 1921 and then some in next 30 years, admit to war guilt clause (entire war was G fault), demilitarize Rhineland, limit army, ship tons of coal to F, Belg, and Italy for 10 years
Problems w/ Peace Settlements G-->too harsh, Weimar govt "stabbed G in the back" F-->too lenient B-->this will lead to further problems US-->we don't want anything to do w/Euro, isolationism R-->nyet, comrades: got nothing out of Versailles and lost land to Brest-Litovsk
Mandates F and B were given task of "teaching" people in colonies how democracy works-->F and B divided Middle East into arbitrary countries w/ no regard to the people who lived there, F held Indochina
League of Nations Originally meant to negotiate disagreements and prevent war, but was too weak to promote diplomacy bc US refused to join
John Maynard Keynes British economist; wrote "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" (1920), said 1)reparations too expensive-->G won't recover 2) in times of economic distress, govt should use deficit spending (spend more than they take in w/taxes) to jump start economy
What Participants wanted: Peace Settlements Wilson wanted a peace treaty based on his 14 PP, F wanted revenge & security; wanted territory of Alsace-Lorraine back, B wanted to maintain its power in Euro & at sea; wanted to punish G but not weaken it to the F desire
What Participants wanted (Italy): Peace Settlements Wanted Italia Irredenta land: a piece of AH empire called Dalmation Coast (Croatia), had been secretly promised this land in 1915 so that it would join Allies, instead land became part of Yugoslavia (betrayal contributed to rise of facism & WWII)
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