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World War I

QuestionAnswer
"poor little Belgium" G starts WWI by invading F via Belgium (schlieffen), Bel. neutral according to ~1800s treaty, G soldiers brutal & British gov't used propaganda against G. Ieper (Ypres), impor. Belgium battle site. 3 battles of Ieper called Passchendaele 1914, 1915, 1917
trench warfare on the western front (TW) fighting stalemate, both G and F/B dug trenches & settled for long war. WWI unusual bc defense strategies more better than offensive. Both used TW, front of trenches was barbed wire (slowed ppl in no mans land), poor sanitation, life miserable in trenches
WWI trenches landscape scarred from large # of shells across western front, still unexploded ammunition in fields-->tourist not allowed off paths, sheep can cut grass bc they are too light to set off triggers
Important battles on the western front 1916 both sides tried to break stalemate: 1. G at Verdun, where 700,000 died in 10 months 2. Allies at River Somme, where B advanced 5 miles in 6 months and ~1 mil. died
New weapons (western front) Part of what made trench life miserable: submarines, tanks, flame throwers. G used poison gas (dye makers used it in process and sometimes workers died by accident, F & B also used it. only 1% of deaths were due to gas but had psychological effects-->fear
WWI on the Italian front Italy joined Allies 1915, signed secret treaty: Allies won, It. gain land from AH and G colonies. Tho It. army trash, fighting in N. It. and AH distracted CP troops. Major battles @ Caporetto (sept.--dec. 1917)-->It. defeated AH by lost ~1/2 mil. soldiers
WWI on the eastern front (general) =in an on Russian border, started well for Allies>Russia advanced into AH. In the early part of war both sides had victories and defeats (incredibly costly)-->aug. 1914 battle of tannenberg G took 100,000 Russians as POWs
WWI on the eastern front (germany and russia) Paul von Hindenburg & Erich Ludendorff command G. R soldiers badly equipped, Czar Nicholas II command army tho wasn't soldier. R lost battles in late 1916 early 1917->added fuel to revolution. R withdrew WWI march 1918, R/G signed treaty of Brest Litovsk
WWI in the oceans (german submarine warfare 1915) G submarines (u-boats) attacked ships heading for B. Retaliation for Allied stoppage of G trans-atlantic trade. But G didn't have enough uboat strength to cut all Allied shipping. New tech gave G a way to attack Allied shipping despite weak navy
WWI in the Ottoman Empire When OE joined CP in 1915: cut off Russian access through Dardanelles (strait from Med. to Black sea) British led campaign to open straits @ Gallipoli, good war plan by Winston Churchill but poorly led, ~150,000 Br. dead & OE remain control of Dardanelles
WWI in the Ottoman Empire/Middle East Br. soldier T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) convinced Arabs to revolt against OE, successful-->OE withdrew WWI early, signed peace treaty w/Allies on Oct. 30, 1918. British Middle East policy contradictory: support Arabs but signed Balfour Decl. 1917
WWI in Asia and Africa Soon after war start in Euro, G colonies under attack. B South Africa troops conquered South West Africa (G) in Sept. 1914. Japan joined Allies, took G Tsingtao in Nov. 1914. G's East Africa colony resisted by was still divided by victors by end of war.
WWI in the oceans (Lusitania) G subs attacked B ships w/ Americans. Lusitania (large passenger ship) sank-->hit by G torpedos. damaged US-G relations, G temporarily stopped attacking passenger ships. Feb 1917, G military leaders restarted unrestricted sub warfare-->US dragged into WWI
Reasons for Propaganda 1. to support your side 2. increase personal/national pride 3. military strength 4. fear as motivation to support war
WWI in the Ottoman Empire (Turkey/Australia) Most B troops from Anzac division (Australia & New Zealand), Aus. developed sense of nationalism bc felt betrayed by B. Turks committed Armenian Genocide while fighting
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