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World War I

QuestionAnswer
Britain and France in 1914 Both were democracies, made reforms to increase the # of voters and reduce the worst effects of the Industrial Revolution, controlled large parts of the rest of the world
Germany and Italy in 1914 Both new countries united~1870, weren't very democratic;minority of citizens voted, existence shifted balance of power in Europe, Germany quickly industrialized & was strongest industrial power in Europe 2nd to US worldly, Italy still agrarian and divided
Russia in 1914 authoritarian; ruled by czar Nicholas II, economically less developed than W. Europe, military/political organizations corrupt/inefficient, popular discontent
Austria-Hungarian empire and Ottoman empire in 1914 Both authoritarian, made up of many ethnic groups that were discontent w/being part of an empire instead of citizens of their own countries
Long-term causes of WWI: Militarism Bc of increased imperialism & nationalist feelings, European countries engaged in an arms race (^# of weapons and size of military). Britain & Germany engaged in a race to build up navies, by WWI, B's navies was still #1 but G's were #2
Long-term causes of WWI: Alliances 1800s:agreements between Euro countries made, have a balance of power (no country would attack another) 1890 Euro gov'ts were sus of each other. Germany, AH formed Central Powers, Bulgaria & Ottoman joined later. Russia, GB and France formed Allied Powers
Long-term causes of WWI: Imperialism 1881-WWI: Scramble for Africa, B and F got the most territory, Germany thought lack of naval power hindered their ability to gain land & influence, Kaiser then started increasing fleet, damaged B-G relations bc B had best navy.
Long-term causes of WWI: Nationalism Ethnic minorities wanted to be ruled by their own people, politicians appealed to nationalism to gain support, jingoist newspapers ^support for war, ultranationalists believed their country was superior (similar to social darwinist ideas)
Short-term causes of WWI: Conflicts 1. Bosnia-Herzegovina (1908) 2. Morocco (1911) 3. Balkan Wars (1912,1913)
Short-term causes of WWI: Franz Ferdinand was assassinated AH archduke FF become emperor after uncle, would have given more freedom to serbs/hungarians in AH. visited Sarajero on June 28, 1914, Gaurillo Princip (serb terrorist) shot FF and wife, AH used this as excuse to destroy Serbia, G agreed w/ blank check
Short-term causes of WWI: The world mobilized for war Main participants in the war mobilized in ~a week. AH -->Serbia, Russia --> AH, Germany had to defend AH, G-->France by marching through Belgium (following its war plan), but Belgium was a neutral country so it joined the war against G
Short-term causes of WWI: The French and German war plans emphasized attacks G/F believed offensive war, G war plan: Schlieffen Plan fin. 1905: G capture F by invading through Belgium before R mobilized, G then fight Russia, SP assumed conquering F would take 6 weeks. F plan called Plan 17: planned to send troops across F-G border
Goals of the Allies B: strengthen position as world's strongest power; F: recover Alsace and Lorraine (lost to Germany in Franco-Prussian War); R: control eastern europe; Italy: add Italian speaking areas of AH to Italy
Advantages of the Allies bigger population, stronger industries, better finances, eventual US participation
Goals of the Central Powers G: control central europe, take over eastern Belgium, increase colonies in Asia & Africa; AH: add Romania to AH; Ottoman: not be dismantled by Euro powers
Advantages of the Central Powers better communication, better RR system, Germany and AH politically closer, physically contiguous, G army better trained
Similarities between the Allies and the Central Powers all believed war over by christmas, believed they could win easily, excited for war bc nationalism, redeem society, shift people away from materialism, both sides encouraged ethnic minorities in opposite countries to rebel
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