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Chapter 4: Muscular
Kinesiology/ Biomechanics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| muscles are attached to | bones and cross at least one joint, so when a muscle contacts, one end of the joint moves toward the other bone |
| insertion | more moveable bone, moves toward the more stable bone, the origin |
| origin | tend to be closer to the trunk and insertions tend to be more toward the distal end |
| reverse action of muscle | when the more moveable end becomes less moveable |
| closed kinetic chain exercises | based on the distal segment being fixed, which is another way of applying reversal of muscle action |
| muscle names tend to fall these categories | location, shape, action, number of heads or division, attachments origin and insertion, direction of the fibers, size of muscle |
| muscle fibers are arranged | within the mm in a direction that is either parallel or oblique to the long six of the mm |
| parallel muscle fibers | tend to be longer, having a greater ROM potential |
| oblique muscle fibers | tend to be shorter but are numerous per given area that parallel fibers, tend to have a greater strength motional but a smaller ROM potential. |
| parallel fibered mm can be | strap, fusiform, rhomboidal, or triangular |
| strap mm | long and with thin fibers running the entire length of mm. |
| fusiform mm | have a shape similar to that of a spindle. it is wider in the middle and tapers at both ends where it attaches to tendons |
| rhomboidal mm | four sided, usually flat with broad attachments at each end |
| triangular mm | flat and fan shaped with fibers radiating from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other |
| oblique fibered mm | have a feather arrangement in which a mm attaches to an oblique angle to its tendon, they can be unipenate, bipinnate, and multipennate |
| unipennate mm | look like one side of a feather. a series of short fibers attaching diagonally along the length of a central tendon |
| bipennate mm | pattern looks like a common feather. fibers are oblique attached to both sides of a central tendon |
| multipennate mm | have many tendons with oblique fibers in between |
| irritability | ability to respond to a stimulus, a mm contracts when stimulated. can be natural from a motor nerve or artificial from an electrical current |
| contractibility | ability to shorten or contact, producing tension between its ends, may result in the mm shortening, staying the same, or lengthening |
| extensibility | ability of a mm to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied |
| elasticity | ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretching or shortening force is removed |
| mm properties | extensibility, elasticity, irritability, contractility |
| tension | force built up within the mm, necessary for a mm to contract or recoil |
| mm is capable of being shortened to | one half of its normal resting length |
| excursion of a mm is | that distance from maximum elongation to maximum shortening, in most mm it is 2:1 |
| mm contraction is strongest when it | is put on a slight stretch, and it loses power quickly as it becomes shortened |
| in one joint mm excursion | will be greater than the range allowed by the joint |
| in two or multi joint mm excursion | is less than the combined range allowed by the joints. the tension within the mm becomes insufficient at both extremes |
| active insufficiency | when a mm reaches a point where it cannot shorten any further. occurs to the agonist |
| passive insufficiency | when a mm cannot be elongated any further without damage to the fibers, this occurs to the antagonist |
| tenodesis | tendon action of a mm |
| isometric | mm contracts, producing force without changing the mm length |
| isotonic | when a mm contacts, the mm length changes, and the joint angle changes |
| concentric | when there is a joint mvmt, the mm shortens, and the mm attachments move towards each other |
| eccentric | where there is joint motion but the mm appears to lengthen the mm attachments separate |
| concentric contractions process | mm attachments move closer together, mvmt is occurring against gravity, the mm is overcoming a force greater than the pull of gravity, used with an acceleration activity |
| eccentric contractions process | mm attachments move further apart, mvmt occurs with gravity, contraction is used with a deceleration activity, contraction produces greater forces |
| isokinetic | the resistance to the part varies, but the velocity, or speed stays the same |
| agonist | a mm or mm group that causes the motion, prime mover |
| assisting mover | a mm that is not as effective but does assist in providing motion |
| antagonist | mm that performs the opposite motion of the agonist |
| stabilizer | mm or a mm group that supports, or makes firm, a part and allows the agonist to work more efficiently, also called fixator |
| neutralizer | prevents unwanted motion because a mm knows no direction when it contracts, may also allow a mm to do more than one motion |
| synergist | encompass the role of agonists assigning movers, stabilizers, and neutralizers, works with another mm to enhance motion |
| kinetic chain | series of rigid links connected in such a way as to allow motion. mvmt of one link causes. motion at other links in a predictable way |
| closed kinetic chain | requires that the distal segment be fixed and the proximal segments move |
| open kinetic chain | distal segment is free to move while the proximal segments can remain stationary, limb segments are free to move in many directions |
Created by:
graykm
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