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Chapter 3: Articular
Kinesiology/ Biomechanics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| joint | connection between two bones |
| joint function | allow motion, bear the weight of the body, provide stability |
| stability is mostly due to | shape of bones making up the joint or due to soft tissue features |
| joints contain | synovial fluid which lubricates the joint and nourishes cartilage |
| fibrous joint | thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones |
| synarthrosis | suture joint, thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones, no motion between bones, provide shape and strength |
| syndesmosis | ligamentous joint. great idea of fibrous tissue, small amount go twisting or stretching mvmt |
| gomphosis | bolting together, joint occurs between a tooth and the wall of its dental socket |
| cartilaginous joint | has either cartilage or fibrocartilage between bones, also called amphiarthrodial joints, allow small amount of motion such as bending or twisting and some compression, provide stability |
| synovial joint | no direct union between bone end, cavity filled with synovial fluid. diathrodial joint, allows free motion, not as stable but allows motion |
| non axial joint | mvmt tends to be linear instead of angular, surface is flat and glide over one another. mvmt occurs secondarily to other motion. example are carpal bones |
| uni axial joint | angular motion occurring in one plane around one axis like a hinge. only motions possible are flexion and extension. |
| biaxial joint | saddle joint. occurs in two different directions. found in the wrist where flexion and extension occur around the frontal axis, an radial and ulnar deviation occur around the sagittal axis |
| triaxial joint | multi directional joint, motion occurs in all three axes. ball and socket joint. allow motion in the frontal axis, sagittal axis, and vertical axis |
| ligaments | hold together the two bones of a joint. provide attachment for cartilage, fascia, or muscle. flexible but not elastic |
| two layers to the capsule | outer layer is fibrous tissue, provides support and protection, the inner layer is synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid |
| synovial fluid | thick, clear fluid that lubricates articular cartilage, reduces friction, helps to keep the joint freely moving, absorbs shock, and is the major source of nutrition for articular cartilage |
| cartilage | dense fibrous connective tissue capable of withstanding a great amount of pressure and tension |
| hyaline or articular cartilage | covers the ends of opposing bones, provides a smooth articulating surface in all synovial joints. has no blood or nerve supply of its own and must get nutrients from synovial fluid, unable to repair itself |
| fibrocartilage | acts as a shock absorber, in weight bearing joints |
| elastic cartilage | designed to allow a certain amount of motion. |
| tendon | needed to connect muscle to bone, some tendons are encased in a tendon sheath, where it is subjected to pressure or friction |
| aponerousis | broad, flat tendinous sheet. found in several places where muscles attach to bone. the latissimus dorsi muscle is attached at one end by an aponerousis |
| bursae | small podlike sacs found around most joints. located in areas of excessive friction, such as under tendons and over bony prominences. filled with a clear fluid, reduce friction between moving parts |
| two types of bursae | natural and acquired. possible to develop a bursa in an area that normally does not have excessive friction if for some reason this site becomes a place of high friction. students bursa |
| sagittal plane | passes through the body from front to back and divides the body into left and right parts |
| frontal plane | passes through the body from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts, also called coronal plane, motions occurring in this plane are abduction and adduction |
| transverse or horizontal plane | passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts, also called horizontal plane. rotation occurs in the plane |
| center of gravity | point where the 3 cardinal planes intersect each other whenever a plane passes through the midline of a part. it divides the body into equal parts |
| sagittal axis | point that runs through a joint from front to back |
| frontal axis | runs through a joint from side to side |
| vertical or longitudinal axis | runs through a joint from top to bottom |
| joint movement occurs | in a plane and around an axis, axis is always perpendicular to its plane |
| degrees of freedom | number of planes in which a joint can move |
| uniaxial joint DOF | one degree of freedom |
| biaxial joint DOF | two degrees of freedom |
| triaxial joint DOF | 3 degrees of freedom. max number of DOF that an individual joint can have |
Created by:
graykm
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