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Neuro Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Impairment in the frontal lobes can result in... | Loss of simple / complex movement Loss of ability to spontaneously interact Loss of flexible thinking / problem solving Perseveration Inability to focus on a task Mood changes Changes in personality / social behavior Inability to speak |
| Impairment in the temporal lobes can result in... | Difficulty recognizing phases (prosopagnosia) Difficulty understanding spoken words Poor selective attention (verbal / visual) Short-term / long-term memory loss Increased aggressive behavior Inability to categorize objects Persistent talking |
| Impairment in the parietal lobes can result in... | Inability to attend to more than one object at a time Problems w/ reading (alexia) Difficulty writing words (agraphia) Word blindness (inability to recognize words) Difficulty w/ math (dyscalculia) Unilateral neglect Impaired perception of touch |
| Impairment in the occipital lobes can result in... | Visual field cuts Difficulty locating objects in the env Difficulty recognizing movement Difficulty recognizing colors Visual illusions Difficulties reading / writing Word blindness |
| Insula | Portion of the cerebral cortex (fifth lobe) Located underneath parietal, temporal & frontal lobes, deep w/in lateral fissure of cerebral cortex Visceral area for sensory / motor function related to speech & language skills |
| Cerebellum | Inferior to occipital lobes & posterior to brainstem Comprised of 2 hemispheres / divided into 3 lobes each White matter connects to other parts of CNS Gray matter analyzes body movements - crucial for balance / coordination + automatic motor skills |
| Cerebral blood flow | Brain receives blood supply from carotid & vertebral basilar arteries |
| Carotid system | Consists of left / right branches Divides into internal / external carotid arteries Internal carotids supply blood to brain & divide into: ACA, MCA, PCA |
| ACA | Anterior cerebral artery Supplies forebrain |
| MCA | Middle cerebral artery Supplies forebrain |
| PCA | Posterior cerebral artery Supplies posterior cortex, midbrain, brainstem |
| Circle of Willis | Located at base of brain Arterial systems join here Allows blood to flow through both brain hemispheres Safety valve if blood to brain is blocked on one side |
| CVA | Cerebral vascular accidents Occurs when there is a lack of blood flow to any area of brain including brainstem 3rd most common cause of death in U.S. - 33% mortality rate Leading cause of disability in U.S. 550k strokes occur annually |
| Ischemic CVA | Comprise 80% of strokes 4 subtypes: 1. large artery atherothrombotic, 2. small artery / lacunar stroke, 3. embolic stroke, 4. dissection stroke |
| Hemorrhagic CVA | Comprise 20% of strokes - 50% mortality rate Identified by location & subtype: 1. intracerebral (inside brain), 2. extracerebral intracranial (outside brain, inside skull) Blood vessel bursts in brain causing blood to enter surrounding tissue |
| Causes of hemorrhagic stroke | Brain herniation, massive edema, cocaine / drugs, aneurisms (majority), leukemia, clotting deficiency, diet pills, brain tumors Occurs more in women 50-60 years old |
| Causes of ischemic stroke | Male gender, age, family history, hypertension, diabetes, prior TIAs, smoking, excessive alcohol, birth control pills, sedentary lifestyle |
| Types of ischemic stroke | Thrombus - collection of fat / blood from diseased artery that narrows it & blocks flow of blood going to brain Embolism - blood clot containing arterial debris that travels to smaller artery & gets stuck thereby block flow of blood to brain |
| CNS | Central Nervous System is comprised of the brain & spinal cord Each segment of the spinal cord has sensory / motor nerves that innervate the skin, organs & muscles of the body Substantial loss of neurons often leads to disability |
| Brain hemispheres | Right / left hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure comprised of 2 large bundles of axons known as the corpus callosum 2 hemispheres receive sensory info from the contralateral side of the body & effect movement on the opposite side |
| Hemiparesis | Weakness on one side of the body |
| Hemiplegia | Paralysis on one side of the body |
| Damage to brain hemispheres | Can result in paralysis or loss of sensation left side - generally results in right sided damage right side - generally results in left sided damage |
| How does the brain receive its blood supply? | From carotid & vertebral basilar arteries |
| Sensory neurons | sensors that are sensitive to light, sound, touch, temperature, smell & chemical input |
| Motor neurons | actors that receive excitation from other cells giving rise to muscle impulses & secretion of hormones |
| Interneurons | connect one neuron to another & can notify motor neurons to move a part of the body that has detected dangerous sensory info |
| Describe neuron structure | Each neuron has a body (soma), filamental extensions (dendrites) & longer fibers (axons) |
| Describe neuron function | Neurons communicate w/ each other via dendrites & axons Dendrites receive stimuli from other neurons Axons send stimuli to other neurons, glands & muscles Transmission occurs via electromechanical neurotransmitters |
| Describe the neuron synapse | The bulb of the axon makes contact w/ the dendrite at the synapse. This is where the brain does its work to move, breathe, think & feel |
| Describe the chemical event at the synapse | Action potential reaches the tip of the axon (end bulb) & releases a chemical (neurotransmitters) into the synaptic cleft Chemical is diffused across the cleft & interacts w/ a receptor on postsynaptic membrane giving rise to excitation or inhibition |
| What do neurotransmitters stimulate? | Dendritic endings |
| How does the neural impulse occur? | Through a change in electrical current across the cell membrane & nerve fibers |
| What is the function of the autoreceptor? | At the synapse, the autoreceptor acts as a synaptic thermostat & determines if more or less of a neurotransmitter is needed |
| What is the function of the reuptake transmitter? | At the synapse, the reuptake transmitter acts as a revolving door to re-use the neurotransmitter |
| What happens at the synapse? | Neuron releases a combination of neurotransmitters Some neurotransmitters excite & others inhibit transmission to adjacent neurons |
| Describe the function of neurotransmitters | Chemical part of electrochemical conduction Approx 40-50 types Assist in regulation of brain's ability to control speech / language, motivation, pain, stress, cravings, personality, mood, attention, memory, metabolic functions, etc. |
| 3 primary substance groups of neurotransmitters | 1. amino acids (major neurotransmitters of brain), 2. peptides (special functions in hypothalamus), 3. monoamines (modulating functions in brain) |
| Amino acids | glutamate, GABA, aspartic acid, glycine |
| Peptides | vasopressin, somatostatin, neurotensin |
| Monoamines | epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, acetylcholine |
| "Feel good" neurotransmitters | endorphins (mood) norepinephrine (excitation, alertness, arousal, motivation, panic) dopamine (cognition, motivation, pleasure, appetite control) acetylcholine (alertness, sleep-wake cycles, memory, growth, sex) phenylethylamine (infatuation) |
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters | enkephalins (restricts pain, reduces cravings / depression) GABA (anti-stress / anxiety / panic / pain, promotes calmness & focus) |
| Hormonal neurotransmitters | serotonin (mood regulation, promotes sleep, improves self-esteem, lessens worry / depression) melatonin (rest / recuperation, anti-aging, body clock regulation) oxytocin (stimulated by dopamine to promote sex & emotional attachment) |
| Weight of human brain | Birth = 350 grams (12 oz) 1 year old = 1,000 grams (2.2 lbs) Adult = 1,200 - 1,400 grams (2.6 - 3.1 lbs) |
| Describe the coverings of the brain | 3 layers of tissues known as meninges protect the brain 1. dura mater 2. arachnoid membrane (subarachnoid space contains blood vessels & CSF) 3. pia mater |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid is the clear fluid that circulates throughout the brain & spinal cord, cushioning & protecting them from injury Flows from one ventricle to the next then into subarachnoid space |
| Describe the brain ventricles | 4 ventricles total: 2 lateral, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle Lateral = located in interior hemispheres of forebrain, connect w/ 3rd ventricle at posterior point which connects to 4th ventricle at medulla |
| What do the ventricles contain? | ventricles & the central canal of spinal cord contain CSF - within each ventricle the choroid plexus produces CSF This is fluid-like blood plasma formed by cells in the 4 ventricles |
| Hydrocephalus | occurs when the flow of CSF is obstructed & accumulates in ventricles or subarachnoid space thereby increasing pressure on the brain children - this condition causes bones in head to spread (head becomes large) |
| What is the function of the cerebral cortex? | involved in primary sensory, primary motor & association area functions complex thinking, learning, personality, movement, touch, vision |
| Describe the structure of the cerebellum | also known as cerebellum, largest part of the brain divided into left / right hemispheres composed of gray matter or cell bodies totaling 6+ billion w/ dendritic connections |
| What is the function of association areas in the cerebral cortex? | to connect sensory & motor areas, give humans the ability to integrate & interpret daily events |
| What is the function of sensory areas in the cerebral cortex? | to get input from the environment, including touch, taste, smell, vision, hearing |
| What is the function of motor areas in the cerebral cortex? | to permit movement in response to needs / wants |
| What is the function of gray matter? | to direct sensory or motor stimuli to the interneurons of the CNS for responsiveness via synaptic activation |
| What does gray matter contain? | nerve cell bodies, glial cells, capillaries, axons, dendrites |
| What does white matter consist of? | axons that travel throughout the cortex (internal capsule) refers to color of the myelinated sheaths that wrap each axon consists of lipids or fatty material |
| Multiple sclerosis destroys the | myelin sheath surrounding the axons |
| Left hemisphere | typically best at processing speech & language involved in verbal memory |
| Right hemisphere | typically best at processing paralinguistic information, pragmatics, non-linguistic information that is visual, spatial, musical, emotional |
| The corpus callosum is critical to | transmission of information between left / right hemispheres |
| Lobes of the brain | each hemisphere is comprised of 4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital |
| Frontal lobe | most anterior part of the brain control of movement, planning / initiating, concentration, emotional responses, disinhibition of behaviors, switching sets to adapt to changes conscious awareness expressive language Broca's area (speech production) |
| Temporal lobe | located laterally in the cerebral hemispheres left temp lobe contains Wernicke's area (lang comprehension) balance, comprehension of language, hearing ability, categorization of skills, some visual perception |
| Parietal lobe | located b/w occipital lobe & central sulcus |
| Occipital lobe | posterior part of the brain receives projections from thalamus via optic nerve & sensory info from eyes retina gets visual input from light, shapes, shading |
| Hemianopsia | visual field cut results from damage to visual cortex |
| Scotoma | small blind area can result from small area of damage in left hemisphere |
| What is the function of the brainstem? | connects brain to spinal cord & regulates primary life functions: breathing, respiration, swallowing, blood pressure, eye movements, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, sneezing, coughing, gagging |
| What does the brainstem consist of? | Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain |
Created by:
jmell
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