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APUSH MID TERM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Headright system | A headright refers to a legal grant of land given to settlers during the period of European colonization in the Americas |
| Great English MIgration | The Puritan migration to New England, specifically Massachusetts and the Caribbean, especially Barbados |
| Indentured Servants | Men and women who signed a contract (also known as an indenture or a covenant) by which they agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation to Virginia and once they arrived, food, clothing, and shelter |
| Plantation Economy | an economy based on agricultural mass production usually of a few commodity crops, grown on large farms worked by laborers or slaves |
| Bacon’s Rebellion | an armed rebellion by the enslaved Africans and white indentured servants. Led by Nathaniel Bacon who resented the control that large planters exercised in the Chesapeake area |
| Puritans | Believed the Church of England was too similar to the Roman Catholic CHurch and should eliminate ceremonies and practices not rooted in the Bible |
| Puritan work ethic | The view that hard work is a signifier of one’s salvation and that it pleases God |
| Subsistence Farming | Form of farming in which all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer’s family, leaving little surplus for trade |
| Quakers | Were a peaceful religious group of dissenters from England. They believed in taking no oaths, refused military service, and were accepting of the Native Americans. |
| Bread-basket Colonies | Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York |
| Slave Codes | Laws relating to slavery and enslaved people. Most slave codes were concerned with the rights and duties of free people in regards to enslaved people |
| Virginia House of Burgesses | the elected representative element of the Virginia General Assembly, the legislative body of the Colony of Virginia |
| Maryland Toleration Act (1649) | The first law in North America requiring religious toleration for Christians |
| Mercantilism | The economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism |
| Chickasaw Wars | The English government was using Chickasaw-English relations to weaken France’s hold on the Mississippi Valley and thus threatening it's entire North American empire |
| Anglo-Powhatan Wars | Three wars fought between the settlers of the Virginia Colony and the Algonquin Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy in the early 17th century |
| Pequot War | An armed conflict that took place between 1636 and 1638 in New England between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the colonists from the Massachusetts bay |
| Metacom’s (King Phillip’s) War | also known as Metacom’s Rebellion, was the Native AMericans’ last-ditch effort to avoid recognizing English authority and stop English settlement on their native lands |
| First Great Awakening | A period when spirituality and religious devotion were revived. Revival of Protestant beliefs |
| George Whitefield | Most popular preacher of the Evangelical revival in Great Britain and the Great awakening in America |
| John Locke | Philosopher and one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers, also known as the “Father of Liberalism” |
| Anglicanization | type of absorption, assimilation, the social process of absorbing on cultural group into harmony with another |
| Salutary neglect | the policy of the British crown of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws |
| Navigation acts | acts of parliament intended to promote the self-sufficiency of the British Empire by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods |
| Molasses Act of 1733 | a british law that imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported from Non-British foreign colonies into the North American colonies |
| NYC Slave Revolt (1711) | a slave uprising in New York City, people were killed |
| Stono Rebellion (1739) | A slave revolt, colonists and slaves were killed |
| Southwest | Farmers (maize); advanced irrigation systems; small urban centers made of hardened clay bricks |
| Great Basin/Plains | Nomadic hunter/gatherers (buffalo); small egalitarian kinship bands |
| Pacific Coast | Permanent villages of almost 1,000 people; abundance of fish, small game, and plant life; coastal trade |
| Northeast | Farmers, villages with longhouses, abundant resources (timber, furs, fish) |
| Mississippi River | Farmers because of the rich soil, river based trade |
| "What led to European exploration? | -developing stronger, more centralized states -increased demand from luxury goods from China and India; Islamic states making Eurasian trade difficult for Europeans |
| "Primary objectives of Spanish exploration and colonialism | -Find new sources of wealth in Asian markets -Evolved into extracting resources (gold/silver/tobacco/sugar) from the land and to spread religion" |
| Columbian Exchange | The transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases from old world to new world and new world to old world. |
| How did the Columbian Exchange affect both the Old and New Worlds? | Crops and animals transferred resulted in a huge population increase in Europe, while diseases brought by Europeans decimated Native American populations. |
| Spanish’s establishment and continuation of maintaining new colonies | Royally appointed colonial governors, encomienda system using forced native labor and later enslaved Africans; Spanish caste system established a racial hierarchy |
| "Role of Religion in Spanish colonial society | -Incentivized and forced conversion of Native Americans -used to support both further subjugation of natives as well as better treatment -used to justify slavery in some cases" |
| "Development of African-based chattel slavery in New World. | Native Americans more familiar with environment, dying from disease/overwork Africans unfamiliar with Americas, slave trade inexpensive and already flourishing" |
| Spanish | Conquest, extract wealth, spread Christianity Sugar, tobacco, coffee, gold, silver Encomienda and caste systems |
| "French | Extract wealth, trade, spread Christianity Fur, fish Intermarriage to secure trade relationships |
| Dutch | Trade Shipping, fur, finance/banking Minimal interaction |
| English | Extract wealth, new territory, religious freedom and improved living conditions Joint-stock companies funded colonies, tobacco, timber, furs friendly/reliant at first → tension over land → wars |
| "Economic Measures taken by Parliament following the French and Indian War | Enacted revenue-producing taxes to pay off the war debt Most taxes were placed on imported luxury, paper, and manufactured goods" |
| Colonists and colonial governments’ responses | Colonists protested in ways such as organizing intercolonial committees, boycotting British goods, destruction of property, violence against British officials |
| How Enlightenment affected political thought during this time. | The ideas of natural rights, social contract, and separation of powers all contributed to the desire for independence as patriots saw the British as violating these. |
| "The ways colonial society was divided during the Revolutionary War | Patriots: pro independence Loyalists: loyal to Britain Neutral: rural populations removed for fighting" |
| "Cause and effect of France’s big daddy support | The Battle of Saratoga decisive colonial victory that convinced big daddy France and big mother Spain to support the colonies against England France’s military and economic alliance led to the victory at Yorktown that effectively ended the war." |
| "What the government consisted of under the Articles of Confederation | A unicameral (one body) legislature (congress) with each state having one equal vote. After winning the war, it established a system for admitting new states to union and set precedent for outlawing slavery" |
| Why the new Constitution was proposed | The Articles of Confederation were too weak, lacking the power to levy taxes, raise an army, or regulate commerce |
| "Significant topics of debate concerning the new Constitution | Presidency: some feared the position was monarchical while others claimed the need for a strong executive Representation: small states vs large states, i.e. equal vote or based on population Slavery: Should slaves count toward a state’s population for r |
| "Federalist political stances | advocated for a central government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution |
| Anti-federalists political stances | (later the Democratic-Republicans) wanted a small government limited by a strict interpretation of the Constitution" |
| George Washington’s warnings in his farewell address | The formation of political factions and getting involved in foreign alliances/wars (especially Europe) |
| U.S. addressing relations with Native Americans | The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act regulated the relationships among settlers and Indians and made provisions for fair dealings |
| Regional identities of U.S. with regard to blacks | Slavery existed in most states, North and South, with the South economically relying on it. Free blacks were afforded more economic and political rights in some Northern states |
| Chesapeake | Tobacco plantations Royal charter, House of Burgesses |
| New England | Subsistence farming, fishing, timber/shipbuilding Mayflower Compact, self-governance, town hall meetings |
| "Caribbean and Carolinas | Tobacco, sugarcane, rice, indigo Proprietary charters" |
| Middle Colonies | Wheat, barley, corn Proprietary charters |
| King William’s War | The British launched expeditions to capture Quebec from the French, but they failed. American Indians supported by the French burned British frontier settlements. |
| Queen Anne’s War: | The British had more success. They gained both Nova Scotia from France and trading rights in Spanish America. |
| King George’s War: | James Oglethorpe led colonial arms that repulsed Spanish attacks. The New Englanders capture Louisbourg in Canada. |
| Albany Plan of Union: | Provided for an intercolonial government and system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes from the various colonies for their common defense. |
| Peace of Paris: | A peace treaty between the French and British that ended the 7 years war |
| Salutary Neglect: | This policy was abandoned as the British adopted more forceful policies for taking control of their expanded North American dominions. |
| Pontiac’s Rebellion: | The Natives were angered by the growing westward movement. The Natives destroyed settlements and forts from NY to Virginia. The British had to deploy their own troops to stop the uprising. |
| Proclamation of 1763: | The British hoped that limiting the amount of settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains would prevent future hostilities between the colonists and the American Indians. |
| Sugar Act: | Taxing sugar, molasses, and other goods, it banned some exports |
| Quartering Act: | This act required colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies |
| Stamp Act: | This act required stamps to be placed on most printed paper in the colonies |
| Stamp Act Congress: | This was a congress with representatives from 9 of the colonies who met in NY. They resolved that only their own elected representatives had the legal authority to approve taxes. |
| Sons & Daughters of Liberty: | This was a secret organization for the purpose of intimidating tax agents, they destroyed revenue stamps and tarred and feathered revenue officials. |
| Declaration Act of 1766: | This was a face-saving measure which reviewed conflict between the colonists and the British government. |
| Townshend Acts: | This was a new tax that was to be collected on imports of tea, glass and paper. It also provided for the search of private homes for smuggled goods. |
| Writ of Assistance: | This was a general license that could be obtained which allowed people to search a specific property. |
| Letters from a Farmer: | These were letters from a man named John Dickinson who argued that Parliament could regulate colonial commerce, but if they wanted to tax colonists, it had to have the approval of assemblies that included colonial representatives. |
| Repeal of Townshend Acts: | They repealed this act because it damaged trade and generated a disappointingly small amount of revenue. |
| Boston Massacre: | A group of guards were harassed by colonists near the customs house. The guard fired into the crowd and killed 5 colonists. |
| Committees of Correspondence: | The practice of organizing committees that would regularly exchange letters about suspicious or potentially threatening British activities. |
| The Gaspee: | This was one of the incidents that were talked about in the committee. |
| Boston Tea Party: | A ship arrived in Boston with no buyers. Before the British were able to unload the tea, a group of colonists disguised as Natives snuck on the ship and dumped 342 chests of tea in the harbor. |
| Tea Act of 1773: | This was an act that was passed that made the cost of the tea cheaper than the stuff smuggled from the Dutch. |
| Port Act: | Closed the port of Boston prohibiting trade in and out of the harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for. |
| Massachusetts Government Act: | Reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. |
| Administration of Justice Act: | Allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Great Britain instead of in the colonies. |
| Quartering Act: | Expanded to enable British troops to be quartered in private homes. It applied to all colonies. |
| Desim: | People that believed in God, but in a God who had natural laws established and then also never really interacted with human affairs. |
| Rationalism: | Trusted human reason to understand the natural world and respond to the many problems of life and society. |
| Social Contract: | The concept of an agreement among people to form a government to promote liberty and equality. Power came from “below” and not from “above.” |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau: | Took the Social Contract idea further and helped get the Americans influenced by it. |
| Thomas Paine: | He created a pamphlet Common Sense which argued that the colonies should become independent states and break all of the political ties it has with Britain. |
| Radical Delegates: | Included Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and John Adams. |
| Moderate Delegates: | Included George Washington, and John Dickinson. |
| Conservative Delegates: | Included Joseph Galloway. |
| Galloway’s Plan: | A plan to politically unite Great Britain and its North American colonies. |
| Lexington and Concord: | Paul Revere and William Dawes. The militia assembled on the village green to face the British, but the Americans were forced to retreat under heavy fire . The British continued their advance and destroyed some military supplies in Concord. |
| Bunker Hill: | The first real battle was fought on the outskirts of Boston. The farmers fortified on Breed’s Hill which is next to Bunker Hill. British troops attacked the colonists and were able to occupy the hill. The Americans suffered over a thousand casualties. |
| Second Continental Congress: | The divided group which contained delegates from New England who thought they should declare independence, and the other group which was mainly the middle colonies hoped the conflict would be resolved through negotiations. |
| Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms: | This was a thing that called for colonists to become troops for the American Army |
| Olive Branch Petition: | This was a petition that was sent to King George in hopes that they would instead agree on a peaceful agreement and change in protection of the colonists. But the King did not agree and set up the Prohibitory Act in August 1775. |
| Prohibitory Act: | This act stated that the colonies were in rebellion and later forbade all trade and shipping between Britain and the colonies. |
| Patriots: | These were the people that fought in favor of the Americans during the war. |
| Loyalists: | These were the people that fought against the Americans during the war. |
| Battle of Saratoga: | British forces were trying to join forces marching from west and south to cut off New England from the rest of the colonies. The American victory persuaded France to join the war against Britain. |
| Yorktown: | The last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Strongly supported by French naval and military forces, Washington's army forced the surrender of a large British army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis. |
| Treaty of Paris: | Britain would recognize the existence of the United States as an independent nation. |
| Daughters of Liberty: | A group of women who opposed the British actions. Boycotted British goods, provided supplies to fighting forces, and some cooked and worked in the war. |
| Republican Motherhood: | This new role called for educating women so they could teach children the values of the new republic and their roles as a citizen. |
| List of Rights: | Each state constitution began with a “bill” or “declaration” which listed the basic rights and freedoms. |
| Executive Branch: | led by the president, it recommends and carries out laws and federal programs. |
| Legislative Branch: | Congress makes laws, passes taxes, and allocates spending |
| Judicial Branch: | It consists of the Supreme Court and all lower federal courts; it interprets the laws and the Constitution |
| Federalism: | A system of Separation of Powers government with a strong but limited central government |
| Separation of Powers: | Dividing power among different limited central governments. |
| Checks and Balances: | The power of each branch would be limited by the other branches. |
| Virginia Plan: | Larger states would proportionality have more representation because they were larger and needed more say than the smaller states. |
| New Jersey Plan: | All states would have an equal say regardless of size. |
| The Great Compromise (Jack Lamm): | Senate: Every state would have an equal say. House of Representatives : A state’s say would be determined by population. |
| Three-Fifths Compromise: | Every slave would be counted as ⅗ of a person. For deciding taxation and representation. |
| Commercial Compromise: | Allowed congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including placing tariffs on foreign imports. but it prohibited placing taxes on any exports. |
| Electoral College System: | System that delegates a number of votes to each state and then winning that state wins the votes. Majority of votes wins the president. |
| Judiciary Act of 1789: | This act established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices. This was made to rule on the constitutionality of decisions made by state courts. It also provided a system of 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeals. |
| Proclamation of Neutrality: | This was a proclamation that said that the US was neutral during this conflict between the French and the British. |
| The Jay Treaty: | Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay on a mission to Britain to talk about the occupation of posts on the US western frontier. And the practice of searching and seizing American ships. |
| Pinckney Treaty: | After the Jay Treaty the Spanish saw this as the US drawing closer to Spain’s enemy Britain. So the Spanish consolidated its holding in North America. And the Spanish negotiated a treaty |
| Right of Deposit: | The Americans were allowed transfer cargoes in New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish government |
| Whiskey Rebellion: | Hamilton had to make a plan to make up for the less money he was making. So he taxed the whiskey. This caused the farmers who made this go into an outrage and protest against it. |
| Battle of Fallen Timbers: | The British would sometimes supply the Natives with weapons and encouraged them to attack the Americans. The Americans overheard this and decided to fight the Confederacy tribes in northwestern Ohio. |
| Treaty of Greenville: | This was a treaty that was signed between the Natives and the Americans and the natives gave up their land in the Ohio Territory and opened it up to settlement. |
| Public Land Act of 1796: | This was an act that established procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at moderate prices. |
| XYZ Affair: | Trouble that related to the French Revolution. The Americans were angered that French warships and privateers were seizing US merchant ships. The demand of X, Y, and Z angered the Americans and they demanded to go into war against France. |
| 12th Amendment: | The President and Vice President run as a team |
| Alien & Sedition Acts: | These were acts that basically helped the Federalists gain strength and control in the congressional elections and win a majority in both houses. |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: | The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, initially drafted by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively, were issued by the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures in response to the federal Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 |
| Northwest Ordinance: | Enacted under the Articles of Confederation, provided a mechanism for migration and settlement. It planned for the sale of government land, an orderly adoption of western territory into new states, public education, and outlawed slavery in the territory. |
| Indian Intercourse Act: | One of the first laws passed by the new nation. Placed the federal government in control of all legal action with native americans. Not the states, only the federal government. |
| Cotton Gin: | The invention of this helped bring the idea of slavery back to the south. This was a cheaper and more efficient way to separate cotton from the seeds. |
| Manifest Destiny: | the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable. |
| James Polk | Strong believer in Manifest Destiny. Pushed this agenda when he became the 11th president of the United States. |
| Territories added under Polk: | Texas, Oregon, and Mexican Cession |
| Mexican Cession: | (California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming). |
| Spot Resolution: | The moment where Lincoln called for Polk to show him the exact spot where American blood was shed on American soil |
| Mexican-American War: | Caused by debate over Rio Grande. Quick victory for U.S. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: | Forced upon Mexicans which gave up a lot of their territory. |
| Wilmot Proviso: | A provision that proposed a ban of slavery in the newly gained territories from the Mexican Cession |
| Compromise of 1850: | Created by Henry Clay, had 5 parts. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act: | , Stephen Douglas proposed to build a transcontinental railroad for both personal and northern economic interests. The South initially refused but to win over Southern support Douglas proposed splitting the Nebraska territory into two states. |
| Free-Soil Party: | Called the free soilers, they believed that all land that was out west should have an outlaw on slavery |
| Bleeding Kansas: | The decision for popular sovereignty to decide if Kansas would be a free or slave state had both the north and the south funneling people of their interests into the state to try to win it over. This led to lots of violence. |
| John Brown: | He did the raid on harper’s ferry and also did his massacre |
| Underground Railroad: | Network that freed many slaves. |
| Uncle Tom’s Cabin: | Depicted the south as cruel and showed the horrors of slavery. Instantly sparked empathy and passion in the north. |
| Dred Scott Decision: | Southern Democrats decided that slaves were property, and therefore they could not sue in federal court. Gateway into allowing slavery in the rest of the United States. |
| Election of 1860: | Surprise republican win for Lincoln, led to southern secessions. |
| Fort Sumter: | First gunshots of the civil war where the recently seceded South Carolina fired upon the Federal garrison stationed there unprovoked. |
| Cornerstone Speech: | VP of CSA gave a speech talking about how slavery was good and they were fighting a war for independence from the oppressive north so they could keep slaves. |
| Border States: | Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri |
| Union Strategy: | Take Advantage of economic and naval superiority by blockading Southern ports and taking control of Mississippi River |
| Southern Strategy: | solicit help from Britain and France due to their trade relationship (cotton) |
| Emancipation Proclamation: | Lincoln redevelops the cause for the war, as a war for the end of slavery. This was a vital shift because it was no longer just about preserving the Union. |
| End of Civil War: | Southern General Sherman’s aggressive tactics did not pay off and destroyed Southern morale. |
| Plan for Readmission: | Swear allegiance to Union, Ratify 13th Amendment |
| Radical Republicans: | Wing of the Republican Party that fought to extend equal civil rights to blacks and to establish political and economic punishments for seceded states |
| Sharecropping: | economic system of tenant farming that still tied poor blacks to the land and white patronage |
| Black codes: | laws in Southern states that undermined Reconstruction efforts and relegated blacks to 2nd class citizens |
| Compromise of 1877: | Compromise in which the Republican Hayes was elected president in exchange for the withdrawal of all federal troops in the South which allowed them to go back to their ways and ended reconstruction. |
| Peculiar institution: | another name for slavery |
| Louisiana Purchase | America nearly doubled it’s land claims during the Jefferson Administration when President Jefferson purchased it from france, going against his personal beliefs since it was such a good deal. (France did it to get money to fund the Napoleonic Wars) |
| Marbury vs Madison | Expanded the power of the Supreme Court by setting a precedent for judicial review. Massive check on the legislative and executive branches |
| Missouri Compromise | A new rule for future admission of slave and free states using the 36, 30 line. Missouri admitted a free state in order to maintain a balance in the Senate |
| What was the Monroe Doctrine? | Foreign policy declaration that warned European states against further encroachment into or influence in the Americas |
| Market Revolution | Linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation |
| "New technologies | Cotton gin, spinning machine, interchangeable parts, steamboats, trains" |
| Manifest Destiny | 19th Century American ideology advocating expansion across the North American continent and justified through perceived superiority of American culture, religion, technology, and democracy |
| How did Texas become an independent republic? | As a Mexican territory, Americans were invited to settle and contribute to Mexico’s economy. Most brought Protestantism and slaves with them, causing tension with Catholic and abolitionist Mexico. War ensued, resulting in a Texan victory |
| Territories and states added during the Polk presidency | Texas, Oregon, Mexican Cession (California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming). |
| Causes of Mexican-American War | Dispute over the Texas border (Rio Grande vs Nueces River) where 11 American soldiers were patrolling and ended up being killed. This was Polk’s sending them there to provoke Mexico |
| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | The Americans quickly won the war and settled in Mexico City and forced the Mexicans to sell much of their territory. They also made the Rio Grande the official border. |
| Gold Rush | Gold was found in 1848, thousands of Americans, Asians, and Mexicans went there. |
| Pro-slavery: | Southern position which claimed slavery was a constitutional rights |
| Free-soil: | anti-slavery position that aimed to prevent the spread of slavery into the West |
| Popular Sovereignty: | Let the people living there decide" |
| How did abolitionists further their cause prior to the Civil War? | Helped slaves escape to freedom in the North and published newspapers and books to spread their ideas. Think of the North Star by Frederick Douglass |
| Dred Scott decision | Argued that slaves were not citizens and therefore not able to sue in federal court. Also, slaves were considered property and the constitution states that no person can be deprived of their property without due process of law. |
| What caused the Civil War? | Election of Lincoln in 1860 without any Southern electoral votes led to secession of South Carolina (and the rest followed suit) which led to -------------------> |
| What were the Border States? | Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri were part of the Union despite being slave states. |
| "Union Strategies | Take Advantage of economic and naval superiority by blockading Southern ports and taking control of Mississippi River |
| Confederate strategies | solicit help from Britain and France due to their trade relationship (cotton)" |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln’s executive order stating that all enslaved people in Confederate states were free. It changed the purpose of the war, and although it didn’t free that many people initially, it prevented Britain and France from supporting the South" |
| Battle of Vicksburg: | Union victory along Mississippi River that successfully cut the Confederacy in half |
| Battle of Gettysburg: | Massive death toll but Union victory stopped Confederate push northward" |
| How did the war end? | General Sherman’s use of total war destroyed Confederate morale and resources. Quickly followed by Lee’s surrender to Grant |
| "Lincoln’s plan for readmitting seceded states | At least 10% of the population must swear an oath of allegiance to the Union/Constitution each state must ratify the 13th Amendment" |
| Who were Radical Republicans? | Wing of the Republican Party that fought to extend equal civil rights to blacks and to establish political and economic punishments for seceded states |
| Effect of Lincoln’s assassination | His successor, Andrew Johnson, was a Southern apologist who was affording rights to blacks |
| Effect of Johnson’s impeachment | He vetoed most of Congress’s Reconstruction efforts and was ultimately impeached in 1868, allowing Radical Republicans to lead Reconstruction going forward |
| 13th Amendment | abolished slavery (except criminal convictions) |
| 14th Amendment: | naturalized citizenship and equal protection |
| 15th Amendment | universal male suffrage |
| Sharecropping: | economic system of tenant farming that still tied poor blacks to the land and white patronage |
| Ku Klux Klan: | white supremacist organization that terrorized blacks in an effort to limit their civil rights |
| Black codes: | laws in Southern states that undermined Reconstruction efforts and relegated blacks to 2nd class citizens" |
| End of Reconstruction | Disputed election of 1877 led to a deal between Republicans and Democrats. Hayes would maintain presidency while federal troops would be removed from Southern states |
Created by:
Nick CEEEE
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