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19 Cent. Imperialism
Midyear Prep
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Congress of Vienna | 1814-15 Goal 1:prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries. Goal 2:restore a balance of power, no country would be a threat to others. Goal 3:restore Europe's royal families to the thrones before Napoleon/restore monarchy. |
| Concert of Europe | From 1815 to 1914, the Concert of Europe established a set of principles, rules and practices that helped to maintain Euro balance of power after the Napoleonic Wars, and to spare Europe from another broad conflict. |
| Metternich | Foreign minister of Austria, hosted the Congress of Vienna |
| Conservativism | wealthy property owners/nobility, wanted to protect traditional monarchies |
| Liberalism | middle class business leaders/merchants, wanted more power to parliaments, but only educated landowners could vote |
| Radicalism | Extend democracy to all, gov't should practice French revolution ideas. |
| Nationalism | original: the nation should have the right to rule themselves through their own gov't "the state"; twisted: one's own nation was superior to other nations (they had a right to rule over them, motivated imperialists to take new colonies before competitors |
| Imperialism | describes the ideas, beliefs, and actions that one group uses to justify and rule over people in other societies |
| Citizens vs subjects | citizens: people who have rights; subjects: people who have few or no rights |
| Social Darwinism | 19th century, social order is accounted as the product of natural selection of people best suited to existing living conditions. Aligned w/ laissez-faire beliefs & Malthus' Principles of Population. Led to antisemitism politics in many countries & zionism |
| Berlin Conference and “Scramble for Africa” | Otto von Bismark hosted:wanted to avoid Euro countries fighting as they got African land. Leaders split Africa fairly to Euro gov'ts, ignored people living there. Ethnic groups split between 2 powers, conflicting groups had to live together. BC led to SfA |
| Bismarck | Otto von Bismark was Germany's secretary of state who hosted the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 |
| Direct vs indirect control of a colony (direct control only) | D: used paternalism, governed people by giving them needs but not rights, view Africans as unable to handle running a country, colonized people assimilated to French culture |
| Spheres of influence | Area where outside power claims exclusive investment of trading privileges. One country extends authority by conquering other countries, estab economic&political dominance. Colonized people forced to only have economic relations w/the outside higher power |
| Congo and King Leopold of Belgium | On February 5, 1885, Belgian King Leopold II established the Congo Free State by brutally seizing the African landmass as his personal possession. |
| Opium Wars | 1839-1860 Britain wanted C to open more ports, but C refused. B gave C opium, causing C's economy to fall bc they bought more opium than silver. C threw away all opium, but B fought with steam powered ships, so C lost. C opened ports and gave up Hong Kong |
| Taiping Rebellion | Started during Opium War. Hong Xiuquan led army against Manchus (Qing Dynasty founders). China hired Euro soldiers to fight HXQ. 20 million died, ideas of modernizing spread bc of Euro merchants->Western influence on China->Tongzhi Restoration (1860-1974) |
| Boxer Rebellion | 1899-1901 Chinese traditionalists that were against western modernizing/Wuxu reform. Initially rebelled against Chinese gov't, however were later hired by them to fight against Euro, who were the true foreign power. |
| Extra-territoriality | the idea that foreign citizens are not required to follow the laws of the colonized country they live in |
| Empress Cixi | |
| Silk Road | |
| Mughal Empire | Existed 1526-1857. Between 1556 and 1605 ME developed a strong economy. Began trading with Europe such as British East Company. In 1700, ME ruled over 23% of India. Began to lose power after emperor died in 1712, power shifted to Britain Empire and BEIC |
| British East India Company | Gained control over India after Mughal Empire's decline. Goal:promote British trade, strengthen Britain economic power in India, China, Japan. Lack of competing power ->monopoly for Britain in trade in India. Power ended in 1858, result of Sepoy rebellion |
| Sepoys | people who were more considered "indian" being recruited by european countries. vitally important to the British East India Company -- allowed control of huge sections of the indian subcontinent which expanded wealth and influence |
| Sepoy Rebellion | Led to end of British East India Company (1857). Began w/ sepoy soldiers but spread to include local rulers and people all over India. Massive number of deaths on both sides (6000 euro 800,000 indians) ended by BEIC |
| British Raj | The rule of Britain over India as a colony, which includes modern day pakistan and bangladesh (one of B most important colonies bc raw materials like jute, coffee, sugar, tea, wheat, cotton. Country was a market for British goods. |
| Indian National Congress | Indian independence movement began in late 1800s, creating Indian National Congress in 1885, focused on promoting self gov't for indian people, called swaraj. Founders said India's contribution during WWI meant they should be able to govern themselves |
| Egypt under French then British control | |
| Rosetta stone (just for the sake of culture!) | One of the earliest forms of translations between languages. Helped modern scholars with understanding Egyptian history and culture |
| Suez Canal | Constructed by France, Egyptians showed resistance. Connects Mediterranean sea to Red sea. International in 1888 |
| Great Game, Persia, and Afghanistan* need to work on | GG: a period in history when European powers became interested in the middle east and central Asia to get more direct trade routes |
| cassava (as an example of colonial resistance – not just a food) | "lazy crop" cassava gave indigenous people a cheap, easy way to feed themselves while resisting colonial systems of forced labor. Required no attention after planted, allowed mobile groups to avoid labor, crushing income in the European economy |
| French Indochina | French occupied modern Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia. constant rebellions. Laos:villagers pretended to work w/French while secreting forming riots & keeping real leaders to run villages. Vietnam (Hanoi):created obstacles for French (rats & geographic advantage) |
| Dutch East Indies | Dutch occupied Indonesia 1816-1945. People used religion (Muslim) to oppose colonial rule. Accommodated and cooperated by learning Dutch, adopting Dutch customs. |
| Recognize these countries on a map | Afghanistan Britain China Congo Cuba Egypt France India Indonesia Iran Mexico Panama United States Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos (as 1 region) |
| Scientific Racism | Scientific theories began to define race based on skin color and looks: prompted a shift from antisemitism being religiously based to the idea that Jews were a separate inferior race. used to support Thomas Galton's ideas about eugenics |
| Direct vs indirect control of a colony (indirect control only) | D: British asked local ruler for authority, local officers handled daily management, thought that it would train local leaders the British way of leading and they could eventually govern themselves, colonial officers-->legislative council |
Created by:
undercoverkookie68
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