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Psychology 7
7 Memory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| • Memory | Active system that stores, organizes, alters, and recovers (retrieves) information |
| • Encoding | Processing of information into the memory system |
| • Storage | Holding this information in memory for later use |
| • Retrieval | Taking memories out of storage |
| • Working memory | Part of STM; like a mental ‘notepad’ |
| • Phonetically | Storing information by sound; how most things are stored in STM |
| • Digit span | Test of attention and short-term memory; string of numbers is recalled forward or backward |
| • Magic number 7 (±2) | STM is limited to holding seven (plus or minus two) information bits at once |
| • Information bit | Meaningful single piece of information, like numbers or letters |
| • Recoding | Reorganizing or modifying information to assist storage in memory |
| • Information chunks | Bits of information that are grouped into larger units |
| • Elaborative encoding / rehearsal | Links new information with existing memories and knowledge in long-term memory (LTM) |
| • Pseudo-memories | False memories that a person believes are true or accurate |
| • Procedural (skilled) | Long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills and can be fully expressed only as actions (e.g., driving) |
| • Declarative (fact) | Part of LTM that contains factual information |
| • Semantic memory | Includes impersonal facts and everyday knowledge. It serves as a mental dictionary or encyclopaedia of basic knowledge |
| • Episodic memory | Includes personal experiences linked with specific times and places. They are about the “who”, “what”, “where” and “when” of our lives and make it possible for us to mentally travel back in time and re-experience events. |
| • Recognition memory | Where previously learned material is correctly identified |
| • Distractors | False items included with a correct item |
| • False positive | False sense of recognition that you think is right but is actually wrong |
| • Explicit memory | Past experiences that are consciously brought to mind. Recall, recognition, and tests rely on explicit memory |
| • Implicit memory | A memory not known to exist; lies outside of awareness. A memory that is unconsciously retrieved (something you didn’t know you knew) |
| • Retroactive interference | Tendency for new memories to interfere with retrieval of old memories, eg., sleeping after study can help retain memories but reading, writing, watching TV may cause interference |
| • Proactive interference | Prior learning inhibits (interferes with) recall of later learning |
| • Repression | Unconsciously pushing painful, embarrassing, or threatening memories out of awareness/ consciousness |
| • Suppression | Consciously putting something painful or threatening out of mind or trying to keep it from entering awareness |
| • Retrograde amnesia | Forgetting events that occurred before an injury or trauma |
| • Anterograde amnesia | Forgetting events that follow an injury or trauma |
| • Consolidation | The process of forming a long-term memory in the brain. This takes time. |
| • Hippocampus | Brain structure associated with emotion and transfer of information passing from short-term memory into long-term memory |
Created by:
Chloeombre
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