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History of Comm.
History of Communications Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Underground Journalism | Counter-cultural press movement, spread revolutionary/protest ideas against the "American way," politically left. Ex: Los Angeles Free Press, Rolling Stone |
| Pirate/Free Radio | Illegal radio broadcasts from ships off the British coast to disrupt BBC monopoly and avoid control of record companies. Ex: Radio Caroline |
| Press Council | British institution that aimed to safeguard the freedom of the press, study citizens complaints about the press, make available all information on press rallies, and represent the profession before the authorities |
| New International Information Order | Studied by the McBride Report. Conclusions: Marked differences in information flow between countries since economically rich countries dominate the large information agencies. Market forces alone can't overcome this. |
| British TV Duopoly | The BBC had a monopoly on UK television until 1955, then ITV (Independent TV came about) |
| Commercial Television | Private television done for profit, emerged first in the US |
| Public Service Television | Controlled by the state, publicly funded, sent into crisis by private, commercial tv |
| Multimedia Business Conglomeration | Mergers of media companies and organizations Ex: News Corporation, Warner Media |
| Fighting for Audiences | Media companies using market research and programming to attract the most viewers |
| New Journalism | Use of fictional storytelling techniques in journalistic storytelling Pro: Attracting more readers Con: Danger of leaving behind ethical criteria |
| Transistor Radio | Small, portable radio receiver. Transistor was invented in 1947 |
| Frequency Modulation (FM) | Discovered by Edwin Armstrong in 1934 Pros: Sound quality, signal definition, low cost of equipment Cons: Limited signal range, possible interference |
| Medium Wave (MW) | Longer distance broadcasts but lower sound quality, name refers to band of radio frequencies |
| High Fidelity | Peter Goldmark. Greater sound presence, wider frequency range, forerunner of stereo |
| Stereo Sound | Two separate sound channels through different transmitters, higher quality than simple FM sound |
| Process of deregulation | Loss of state monopoly by European public service broadcasters starting in the late 1970s. France was first, with state radio being broken up. Italy was next, more focus on TV |
| Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) | Digital broadcasting system developed in the framework of the EUREKA project under the European Broadcasting Union |
| Unique Selling Proposition (USP) | The idea that ads should address consumer needs and point out the difference between the product and its competitors Ex: M&M ad "M&M melts in your mouth, not in your hand" |
| New information technologies | Conversion from traditional to electronic media (Print to radio to TV to the internet) |
| Crisis in the liberal conception of the press | Reevaluation of the press after WWI. Freedom of conscience had been radicalized. Aim was to replace the liberal autonomous individual conscience with a collective conscience |
| Social Responsibility Theory | The press should be free so that it can serve is role in society. The press is a main shaper of societal thought, builds culture. Formulates a positive freedom: Press is not free FROM restriction, it is free TO achieve the correct functioning of society) |
| Authoritarian conceptions of information | No freedom of the press, total submission to the the state |
| Scientific Propaganda | More mature discipline, used sociological/psychological research to find effective formulas for persuasion |
| Publicity | Information given to the press, intended to attract the attention of the public |
| Press Agentry | Early public relations (Ivy Lee, Edward Bernays) |
| Tabloid newspapers | Physically smaller print size, characterized by competitive aggressiveness, new forms of communication (Photos), and development of new social functions (Generate enthusiasm, escapism, presentation of ideal lives, promotion of the individual) |
| Photojournalism | First really put to use in tabloid press. Expressive, sensational possibilities |
| Print Run War | Fierce competition between popular newspapers in 1930s UK (Exacerbated sensationalism, competition was necessary to avoid the economic crisis) |
| Promotion | Games and prizes for new subscribers to achieve greater circulation during print run war |
| Parisian Newspaper Consortium | Set up by 5 major Parisian dailies in the 1930s (Le Petit Journal, Le Petit Parisien, Le Journal, Le Matin, and l'Echo de Paris) to avoid competitions and ensure privileged positions |
| Cinematograph | Early term for motion pictures, movie cameras, and film projectors. Presented by the Lumiere brothers in 1895 with short film "Workers leaving the Lumiere factory) |
| Amateur Radio Movement | Created pressure on governments to make regular broadcasts possible |
| Commercial Radio | Totally independent from government agencies, financed by advertisements |
| Major US national radio networks | National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting System (ABC) |
| Public Service Monopoly | No private stations, only a public corporation responsible for providing all service Ex: the BBC in post-WWI UK |
| Mixed Broadcasting Model | Balance between private and state initiatives Ex: Post-WWI France |
| Golden Age of the Press | 1870-1914, height of popularity of newspapers (Unchallenged by radio, TV, or internet, had a monopoly on public information) |
| Press companies as corporations | Required the entry of capital from other individuals, news orgs had to attract partners for financial support and diversified their activities |
| Photoengraving | Allowed printing plates of images to be created, which allowed the insertion of images into newspapers, 1880s |
| The "Reason Why" | Advertising technique developed by John E. Kennedy that says the best way to sell a product is to explain why the product should be bought |
| Behaviorism | Approach to psychology that behaviors can be explained in terms of conditioning and interaction with the environment |
| McDougall Instinct | Approach to psychology that behaviors were best explained in terms of instincts |
| Publicity for patriotic causes | British used this to recruit men for the army before WWI |
| Soap Operas | Radio dramas popular with housewives, so-called because they were sponsored by detergent companies |
| Working Press | Press for the working class, focused on labor issues |
| Catholic Christian Press | Liberalism advocates secularization and independence, but this press continued to include religious teachings, fighting anticlericalism |
| Quality newspapers | Large format, serious information, gained popularity again from exhaustion with sensationalism and people wary of new trends |
| Economic information | Started to be included in quality papers as it relates to social issues |
| Petite Press | New popular newspapers in France in the 1880s, no political bias |
| Journalism Professionalization/Associationism | Established journalism itself as a profession, created associations to advocate for better working conditions/social conditions |
Created by:
OwenRH
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