Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biochem Midterm
Sept 2009 - March 2010
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many AIDS orphans are there in Africa? | 2 Million |
| How many deaths are caused by tuberculosis each year? | 5 Million |
| How many deaths are caused by Malaria each year? | 3 Million |
| How many deaths are caused by Sleeping Sickness each year? | 400,000 |
| What is immunity? | The immune system functions to maintain the integrity of the body |
| Small Lymphocyte | Production of antibodies (B Cells) or Cytotoxic and helper functions (T Cells) |
| Dendritic Cells | Activation of T cells initiation of adaptive immune responses |
| Plasma Cells | Fully differentiated form of B cells that secretes antibodies |
| Mast Cell | Expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active ingredients |
| Natural Killer Cell | Kills cells infected with certain viruses |
| Monocyte | Circulating precursor cell to a macrophage |
| Neutrophil | Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms |
| Macrophage | Phagocytosis and killing or microorganisms. Activation or T cells and innitiation or immune responses |
| Eosinophil | Killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents |
| Megakaryocyte | Platelet formation, wound repair |
| Basophil | Controlling immune responses to parasites |
| Erythrocyte | Oxygen transport |
| Threats from the outside | Bacteria Parasites Viruses Aliens Other human cells |
| Threats from within | Tumours Autoimmunity |
| Hematopoisis | Formation of blood cells |
| Stem cells | (In bone marrow) Rare pluripotent cells capable of self-renewal |
| Pluripotent | A pluripotent cell can create all cell types |
| Monocytes | Short lived in the blood, differentiate to marcrophages & dendritic cells. Become tissue-fixed. |
| Types of Monocytes | Osteoclasts (bones) Glial Cells (brain) Kuppfer Cells (liver) Alverlar macrophages (lung) |
| Antigen Presenting Cells (ACP) | Ingest microbes, destroy, digest. Process antigen, present antigen |
| APC's present the antigen in the secondary lymphoid organs such as... | Lymph nodes Spleen Adenoids/Tonsils Appendix Peyers Patches |
| Type A can receive | Type A and Type O |
| Type B can receive | Type B and Type O |
| Type O can receive | Type O only (universal donor) |
| Type AB can receive | Type A, B and O (universal recipient) |
| Our circulation works at? | high pressure |
| Fluid leaks from the capillaries into? | Spaces surrounding tissues |
| Primary Lymphoid Organs | Bone marrow and Thymus |
| Where do all lymphoid cells originate? | Bone Marrow |
| Where to T lymphocytes mature? | Thymus |
| Act as filters and catch anything that shouldn't be there | Secondary Lymphoid Organs |
| Secondary Lymphoid Organs | Lymph Nodes Spleen Peyer's Patches Appendix Tonsils |
| Humoral Immunity | Antibodies |
| Extracellular Organisms | Bacteria & Viruses/Parasites |
| Cell Mediated Immune Response (Natural killer cells, T killer cells, macrophages) | 1. Tumor & 2. Virus infected cells/parasite-infected cells |
| Antigen named after it's discovery in the Rhesus monkey, Also found in humans | Rh Factor |
| Rh Factor - First Pregnancy (Rh- female, Rh+ male) | No problem |
| Rh factor - Second Pregnancy (Rh- female, Rh+ male) | Big problem |
| Rh Factor (What happens with the antibodies?) | Antibodies made by mother against erythrocytes of the child, recognize the Rh antigen and lyse the erythrocytes of the next developing fetus |
| Blood typing of the parents and administration of the anti-Rh antibodies to remove antigen (red cells) from mother | |
| Proteins secreted by stimulated B lymphocytes (plasma cells). Different kinds have different functions | Antibodies (ABS) |
| Different kids of antibodies | IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, IgE |
| People with blood type A have __ antigens on the erythrocyte surfaces | A |
| People with blood type B have __ antigens on the erythrocyte surfaces | B |
| People with blood type AB have __ antigens on the erythrocyte surfaces | Both |
| People with blood type O have __ antigens on the erythrocyte surfaces | Neither |
| Type A: Tolerant of "A" antigens but have antibodies to "B", Therefore a person of Type A... | Cannot accept blood from type B or AB donor |
| We make immune response to arising cancer cells - these are eliminated from the body | Immunosurveillance |
| Immunosurveillance First line of defense | Macrophages and Natural Killer (NK) cells |
| Immunosurveillance Second line of defense | T Cytotoxic lymphocytes (T killer cells) |
| Develop when transformed cells "sneak through" the immune system | Tumors |
| Cells of colon cancers and in embryos (CEA) | Carcinoembryonic Antigen |
| Liver Cancers (AFP) | Alpha-fetoprotein |
| Ca 27-29 | Breast Cancers |
| Ca 125 | Ovarian Cancer |
| Can be caused by a normal response to a pathogen that has antigens with the same structure as self molecules | Autoimmunity |
| Cause rheumatic fever and sometimes damages heart muscle due to anti-strep antibodies | Streptococcal |
| Breakdown or tolerance to self molecules | True Autoimmunity |
| Autoimmunity results as a consequence of a normal immune response to an infection and the antibodies or cells accidentally react with self molecules | A Misnomer |
| 10x higher frequency in females than males Antibodies are made to platelets, other cells, histones, DNA Estrogen - Hormonally linked expressions to the disease | Systemic Lupus Erythmatosis (SLE) |
| T killer cells attack myelin protein (myelin sheath, insulation to nerves) | Multiple Sclerosis |
| - Frequent in females 40-60 years old - Body makes rheumatoid factor, IgM anti-IgG - Complexes deposit in joints causing inflammation. Like having bits of glass in your joints. | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| Surgical procedures developed by 1900. Viennese surgeon observed that he could surgically remove a kidney and put it back into the same animal in a procedure called _________? | Transplantation |
| Transplant from one area of a patient to another | Autograft |
| Transplant between genetically identical people | Isograft |
| Transplant between members of the same species | Allograft |
| Transplant between different species | Xenograft |
| Working with burn patients in WW2 noticed that autografts were accepted but allografts were not and that a 2nd allograft from the same donor was rejected faster | Peter Medawar |
| Humans are composed of dozens of different types of tissues, each composed of discrete units called? | Cells |
| About ___ different functional types of cells in humans | 200 |
| Two types of Cells | Prokaryote & Eukaryote |
| - Complex intracellular structure - Contains organelles (nucleus, mitochondria) | Eukaryote |
| Relatively simple cell No nucleus Eg. Bacteria | Prokaryote |
| Simple Unicellular organisms may be _______ | Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic |
| Complex multicellular organisms may be _____ | Only Eukaryotes |
| Estimated total number of cells in human body? | |
| Organized, highly condensed (supercoiled) unit of DNA. Usually single copy in bacteria (haploid) | Prokaryotic Nucleoid |
| The genome is organized as _______ | Chromosomes |
| Human cells contain __ pairs of chromosomes (diploid) | 23 |
| These people solved the structure of DNA | James Watson & Francis Crick |
| These people prove that genes are composed of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod |
| Each strand or DNA is made of a string of ______ | Nucleotides |
| Each _______ is composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone and a Base | Nucleotide |
| 4 Different Types of Bases In DNA | Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine |
| 2 DNA strands are held together by weak _______ _____ | Hydrogen Bonds |
| First Objective of the Human Genome Project | Determine the sequence of the 4 bases in human DNA |
| 3 Stages of Human Clinical Trials | Stage 1: Is drug safe for humans? Stage 2: Does drug work for it's intended purpose? Stage 3: How does new drug compare with other available treatments? |
| Experiment where subjects are not informed of type of treatment they receive | Blind Experiment |
| Experiment where neither subject or experimenter is informed of treatment type | Double Blind |
| Diverse group of food supplements claimed to have medical benifits | Neutraceuticals |
| Based on genomic regions containing Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) | DNA Fingerprinting |
| Recognition sites for restriction enzymes | Cleavage Sites |
| Performed on a rectangular slab of gel composed of aragose, a carbohydrate extracted from kelp | Aragose Gel Electrophoresis |
| During Aragose Gel Electrophoresis, DNA molecules always move towards the _______ | Anode + |
| All _________ carry complete genome | Somatic Cells |
| One of the 2 DNA strands used as template for synthesis of complimentary strand of mRNA | Transcription |
| Information on mRNA is decoded into amino acid sequence of a protein on ribosomes | Translation |
| Chain of nucleotides sythesized by ___ _______ from template strand of DNA | RNA Polymerase |
| Single stranded Ribose instead of deoxyribose Thymine replaced by uracil | mRNA |
| Each sequence of 3 bases in RNA | Codon |
| A set of 64 three-letter combinations called “codons” used to decode genes into proteins | The Genetic Code |
| Two common applications of gene chips | 1. DNA-based diagnostic tests 2. Study of gene expression patterns in cells |
| Unique enzyme used to synthesize cDNA from mRNA template | Reverse Transcriptase |
| cDNA labeled by using nucleotides tagged with __________? | Fluorescent Dye |
| Gene Chip: Colourless means? | Unexpressed genes |
| Gene Chip: Coloured spots mean? | Expressed genes |
| Microarray analysis: What colour are the genes expressed only in normal cells? | Green |
| Microarray analysis: What colour are the genes expressed only in cancer cells? | Red |
| Microarray analysis: What colour are the genes unexpressed in normal and cancer cells? | No colour |
| Replacing a bad gene with a good one from a normal person to cure problem | Gene Therapy |
| Simplest viruses composed of __________ surrounding genome | Protein coats |
| Professional cell break-in artists Cell dependent Professional Gene couriers (Leave genes at every crime scene) | Viruses |
| Genes usually incorporated into host chromosome at | Very low efficiency |
| Used as gene delivery tools | Retroviruses |
| Inside living body; Cells genetically modified directly in patient | In Vivo |
| Outside living body; Appropriate cells taken from patient, genetically modified, and then returned to patient | Ex Vivo |
| First human disease to be successfully treated by gene therapy Single gene defect | Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency (SCID) |
| Cells involved in immunity are derived from? | Bone Marrow Stem Cells |
| Detects mutations that cause a disease or may predispose an individual to a disease | DNA Test |
| Bonds between DNA strands are broken and separated by heating | Denaturation |
| 2 DNA strands are cooled and allowed to bond with cooling | Hybridization or Annealing |
| Most common fatal genetic disease in north american Caucasians Caused by mutations in single gene | Cystic Fibrosis |
| CF mutations are _______ meaning both parents must carry one mutant gene to pass disease to children | Recessive |
| Late onset, involves progressive destruction of tissue in nervous system resulting in loss of motor and cognitive function | Huntington's Disease |
| HD mutation is ________ meaning only one parent needs to have one copy of the gene | Dominant |
| HD gene encodes protein known as? | Huntingtin |
| Mutant huntingtin undergoes _______ but normal huntingtin does noe | cleavage |
| Areas containing a single base variation in DNA sequence | SNP |
| Stages of embryonic development | 1. Sperm fertilizes egg 2. 2-Cell stage 3. 4 cell stage 4. Blastocyst stage |
| Genetically altered | Transgenic |
| Method for creating genetically altered mice | 1. Modified cloned gene injected into nucleus of fertilized egg 2. Gene spliced into chromosome of embryo at low frequency 3. Resulting "transgenic embryo" implanted into surrogate mother. |
| Two common ways to identify function of disease gene in animals | 1. Mutate cloned gene to mimic sequence of human diseased gene 2. Completely destroy gene in genome (gene knockout) |
| What are Fibroblasts? | Elongated cells |
| ____________ are the only cells that can't be grown in a lab | Nervous system cells |
| People with __________ lack insulin-producing beta cells of pancreas | Type 1 diabetes |
| _______ regulates blood sugar metabolism | Insulin |
| Type 1 diabetes is an _____________ where immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells | Autoimmune |
| Discovered insulin | Frederick Banting and Charles Best |
| Produced purified insulin from cows pancreas | Bertram Collip |
| Problems with porcine and bovine insulin? | - Low yields - Hard to purify, contaminants caused allergic reactions |
| First genetically engineered medication to be licensed for human use | Recombinant Human Insulin |
| A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. The 0.1% difference in individuals | Polymorphism |
| A region that can have more than one form or sequence | Polymorphic Region |
| Occur 1 in every 100-300 bases, mostly in junk with no known effect | SNP's |
| Branch of the human genome project. Objective: Assemble a catalog of all human SNP's | International HapMap Project |
| Differentiate into different cell types (brain, skin nerve) Diploid | Somatic Cells |
| Carry 2 copies of each chromosome | Diploid Cells |
| Sperm of Ova Haploid Cells | Germ (Reproductive) Cells |
| Carry single copies of each chromosome | Haploid Cells |
| Involves dissecting individual intact genes from genome | Cloning Genes |
| Protein that carries out a chemical reaction | Enzyme |
| A large molecule made up of smaller building blocks (monomers) | Polymer |
| Cut DNA at specific sequences of bases, found in bacteria | Restriction Nucleases |
| Gene is inserted into a ________ to create recombinant DNA | Vector |
| Example of a vector | Plasmid |
| A system for naming organisms. First name: Genus, Second: Species. | Binomial Nomenclature |
| Genes from different organisms that share similar function | Homologs |
| Finding homologs by computer-assisted identification of similar sequences on genomes of different organisms | Comparative Genomics |
| Possess human homologs | Model organisms |
| 99% of mouse and human genes are | homologs |
| A _______ is an excellent model organism to study humans | Mouse |
| About 60% of genes involved in roughly 300 human diseases also occur in? | Fruit flies |
| Easy to grow in lab Unicellular eukatyote | Bakers Yeast |
| Fast life cycle: 6 Weeks from germination to seed. Allows one to perform plant genetic experiments quickly | Mustard Weed |
| Cannot be cultured in lab | Syphilis |
| Polymer composed of monomers called amino acids | Protein |
| __ different amino acids occur in proteins | 20 |
| Sequence of amino acids determines _____ of protein | Shape |
| Shape of Protein, determines it's function | Conformation |
| All proteins assume their shapes through process known as? | Folding |
| Each sequence of 3 bases is a? | Gene |
| There are about ______ genes | 25,000 |
| 2 Forms of Junk DNA | 1. Duplications 2. Repetitions |
| The genetic switches that regulate the expression of genes | Junk DNA |
Created by:
courterpounder
Popular Science sets