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Personality Psych
Final Exam Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the phrase “usual pattern of behavior” mean? | A person acts consistently across time or across situations. |
| How is personality shaped? | through a combination of genetic tendencies and environmental influences |
| Why is the study of the self important to personality psychology? | This area of investigation examines questions of identity. |
| What is meant when psychology is called a “hub” field? | It is an area of study that links and unifies other areas of study. |
| Jacques is outgoing and talkative and loves to make new friends. Most people would assume that Jacques is low in ____. | introversion |
| Simone believes that people have consistent behavioral tendencies that are identifiable and impactful across situations. She is on the ____ side of an enduring debate between personality psychologists and social psychologists. | person |
| Some researchers argue that genetics is the primary cause of personality traits, whereas other researchers argue that environmental factors cause personality traits. This disagreement is generally known as the ____ debate. | nature–nurture |
| To what extent do personality traits and situational constraints predict behavior? | Both factors predict behavior about equally well. |
| The most commonly used method of assessment in personality psychology, asking people to report on their own personalities, usually by rating themselves on a list of adjectives or statements, is called a ____. | self-report measure |
| ____ responding is the tendency for people to make themselves appear better than they actually are when completing a self-report measure. | Socially desirable |
| What is a significant limitation of self-report measures of personality? | If a person is unaware of the psychological processes that underlie her or his motivations, behaviors, or feelings, those motivations, behaviors, and feelings can’t accurately be reported. |
| Ice cream sales tend to increase as the temperature outside increases. This relationship is an example of a(n) ____. | positive correlation |
| The term _ means having a probability of less than 5% that the results are due to random chance. | statistically significant |
| To demonstrate ____, the responses to items on a questionnaire should all correlate consistently with one another. | internal reliability |
| What does Cronbach’s alpha reveal to a researcher? | the extent to which a questionnaire has internal reliability |
| Dr. Sardonicus administers a test of self-esteem to her class during the first week in the semester. Three weeks later she administers the same test. What can Dr. Sardonicus determine by correlating the two sets of scores? | test–retest reliability |
| Dr. Mabuse recruits three judges to read the diaries of a group of respondents and rate the extent to which each person mentions self-words. Dr. Mabuse then correlates the ratings of the judges and finds that r = .87. What can Dr. Mabuse conclude? | There is high intercoder reliability for this judgment task. |
| When a scale is related to a concrete outcome or other behavior, it is said to demonstrate ____. | predictive validity |
| Mario wants to ensure that his newly developed measure of empathy correlates with other, established scales measuring empathy. Mario would like to establish ____ for his new measuring instrument. | convergent validity |
| Angelo wants to ensure that his newly developed measure of empathy does not correlate well with other scales measuring different constructs. Angelo would like to establish ____ for his new measuring instrument. | discriminant validity |
| Mario’s score is exactly on the mean on a measure of conscientiousness. Compared to others who have taken the same personality test, this indicates that Mario’s level of conscientiousness is _____. | average |
| In a normal distribution, ____ score(s) within one standard deviation of the mean. | most people |
| Geraldo scored in the top 10 percent of test takers on a measure of personality. What percentile score corresponds to Geraldo’s performance? | 90th percentile |
| Using different methods to answer the same research question is called ____. | triangulation |
| A study in which 50 people will be administered a drug and 50 people will be administered a placebo. They will make sure that all potential respondents are equally likely to end up in either the experimental or control group. What is this practice called? | random assignment |
| What is the lexical hypothesis? | Important traits become embedded in a language as single words. |
| How does factor analysis contribute to the identification of basic traits? | Patterns of correlations among responses to questionnaire items can identify traits that cluster together. |
| Which Big Five trait is associated with being outgoing and experiencing positive emotions? | extraversion |
| Which Big Five trait is associated with negative emotions such as worry and anger? | neuroticism |
| The opposite of ____ is being conventional and less comfortable with change. | openness to experience |
| The opposite of ____ is being messy and impulsive. | conscientiousness |
| On a personality test, Amber rates herself low on manipulativeness and boastfulness and high on honesty and sympathy. Which Big Five dimension is Amber endorsing? | agreeableness |
| The term ____ refers to how personality psychologists conceptualize more specific components of the Big Five dimensions of personality. | facets |
| How should the Big Five personality traits be conceptualized? | as a set of continuums that people fall on somewhere |
| Extraverted people also tend to be ____. | agreeable |
| According to personality psychologist Hans Eysenck, why do introverts prefer quiet and solitude? | They are more sensitive to stimuli. |
| Alina scores high on openness to experience. She is creative, interested in social activism, and likely to be ____. | politically liberal |
| Researchers have used the lexical method to identify adjectives in other languages that describe personality and cluster together. Which language has “the Big Seven” personality traits? | Spanish |
| Why would obituaries lack validity as a source of data to study personality? | They often exaggerate positive characteristics of the deceased |
| Kaden enjoys going to parties and easily relates to new people in a wide variety of social settings, but equally enjoys reading quietly at home and spending time with just a few of her closest friends. Which term best represents Kaden’s personality? | omniverted |
| Which statement best reflects the logic of twin studies in personality? | If genetics influence personality traits, twins raised in separate environments should be more similar than siblings raised in separate environments. |
| Cali and Cari are identical twins. Their parents want to make sure they have a chance to develop their own individual personalities, so they enroll Cali in soccer and Cari in dance. This is a reflection of the twins’ ____. | nonshared environment |
| According to researchers, how much of the variation in personality traits among people is likely due to genetics? | 50% |
| Which of these factors has the least amount of influence on personality development? | shared environment |
| Siblings can be different from each other if they make the conscious effort to try to be different; this is known as the ____ effect. | contrast |
| Birth order is an example of _____. | nonshared environment |
| In one epigenetic study, mice experienced a stressful environment as newborns when they were separated from their mothers. What happened to these mice? | The mice became socially anxious, as did their offspring. |
| Laurel has sustained damage to the frontal lobes of her brain. She is most apt to experience ____. | impaired self-control |
| Tyshawn is high in agreeableness and therefore would show strong activation in his ____. | frontal lobe |
| The brains of people high in neuroticism show strong responses in a brain area associated with ____. | discrepancy detection |
| Alphonso sees the world in terms of individual rights and freedoms and scoffs at the notion that people should be cooperative, interdependent, and harmonious in the social roles they adopt. What cultural background is Alphonso likely to have? | Alphonso is likely to be a member of an individualistic culture. |
| A person’s body, clothes, and possessions are part of that person’s ____ self. | material |
| Johanna is normally casual with her friends and family but acts in a very formal manner when at the ladies’ luncheon. This is because she observes the other women behaving in a similar way and wants her own behavior to fit in. Johanna is engaging in ____. | self-monitoring |
| The extent to which a person feels aligned with her or his true self in daily life is called ____. | authenticity |
| Even though Linda has finished her degree in radiography, she feels like a fraud when she enters the emergency room at the hospital where she works. Linda is experiencing ____. | the imposter phenomenon |
| What happens when students who are performing poorly in school are recipients of efforts to boost their self-esteem? | Their self-esteem increases, but their grades do not improve. |
| According to a study conducted in 2006 (Young & Pinsky), which type of celebrity scored highest on narcissism? | people portrayed in reality tv |
| According to Freud, early experiences of excessive power and self-control can result in a(n) ___ personality. | anal-retentive |
| The unconscious meaning of a dream is found in the dream’s ____. | latent content |
| According to the psychodynamic perspective, ____ are psychological processes that keep us from consciously experiencing things that could cause us suffering. | defense mechanisms |
| Which psychodynamic mechanism of defense involves disguising unconscious content by turning it into its opposite? | reaction formation |
| According to Carl Jung, the ____ archetype is the personification of the “dark side” of the ego. | shadow |
| What is the core concept of Alfred Adler’s psychodynamic theory? | A person’s unique struggle with feelings of inferiority is the key to understanding personality. |
| Xiao Ling sees the world and the people in it as threats. To overcome these perceived challenges, she tries to secure background information on her supposed foes in order to use it against them. Xiao Ling is using the moving ____ technique. | against |
| ____ motivation involves worrying about the negative consequences of failure. | Avoidance |
| How do traits and motives compare? | Traits are usually more stable than motives. |
| Which motive derives from wanting to accomplish things, usually on one’s own and without help? | achievement |
| Joey values his relationships with others. He wants to be around people, especially when he will be accepted and happy. This is an example of the ____ motive. | affiliation |
| Herbie has worked on the same assembly line performing the same task for 30 years. It is likely that his need for ____ is not being met. | competence |
| Research has shown that people who focus on money, fame, and image are ___ likely to suffer from anxiety and depression and ___ likely to be happy. | more; less |
| Julio is aware of his thoughts and feelings, but he doesn’t cling to them, instead letting them pass through consciousness as new thoughts take their place. What is Julio experiencing? | mindfulness |
| Billy receives all A’s on his report card. His parents buy him the video game that he has been asking for. This is an example of a ____. | positive reinforcement |
| People with a(n) ____ believe that they can control a situation, their own rewards, and, therefore, their own fate. | internal locus of control |
| T or F: A study by Kappes and Thomsen (2020) demonstrated that people are likely to imitate the goal regulation strategies of their romantic partners. | True |
| Which personality trait tends to decrease after adulthood? | neuroticism |
| According to Sutin and colleagues (2013), which personality traits are associated with vulnerability to disease? | both higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness |
| According to a study by Grusnick and colleagues (2020), experiencing three or more adverse childhood experiences (ACE’s) in the abuse category has been most strongly associated with which of the following personality trait changes? | increased neuroticism |
| John and Dan have both been diagnosed with Schizophrenia. John has an internal locus of control. Dan has an external locus of control. According to research by Harrow and colleagues (2009), who is more likely to experience periods of recovery? | John |
| Genetically based behavior tendencies that are evident at an early age are known as | temperament |
| Both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies find that boys’ and girls’ openness to experience __________ between age 11 and age 18. | increases |
| Most five-year-olds cannot correctly solve the classic conservation task involving equal amounts of water in different-sized containers, because their thinking is characterized by: | irreversibility and centration |
| Shifts in a population’s average scores that occur with age are known as __________. | mean-level changes |
| Most studies suggest that self-esteem __________ as people age from their 20s to their 60s and __________ after that. | slightly increases; decreases |
| __________ proposes that personalities mature as people enter important adult social roles. | Social investment theory |
| A longitudinal study of German young adults found that those who had settled into a stable romantic relationship __________ in conscientiousness and __________ in neuroticism. | increased; decreased |
| Among the Big Five traits, __________ is the best predictor of health, long life, and school and work performance. | high conscientiousness |
| According to research by Factor and Rothblum (2017), trans men and women rated themselves ____ masculine and feminine (respectively) as their cisgender siblings. | just as |
| How should most sex differences in personality traits be characterized? | Most differences are small to moderate in size. |
| How do women and men compare in leadership ability? | Women perform better than men in most areas of leadership, although the differences are relatively small. |
| A 2019 study by Metzger and Boettger found that transgender men receiving testosterone therapy ___. | reported decreases in neuroticism and increases in extraversion within the first 3 months of therapy |
| The idea that culture shapes individuals and individuals shape culture is known as the __________ model. | mutual constitution |
| One potential explanation for why Germans tend to score themselves relatively low on conscientiousness is _____. | reference effects |
| A cultural system that prioritizes the needs of the self over the needs of others represents __________. | individualism |
| Socialist countries tend to look out for the welfare of all their citizens, valuing the needs of the whole above the needs of the one. Which cultural system is this philosophy aligned with? | collectivism |
| Explaining a person’s behavior by focusing on the individual and their personality is known as __________ attribution. | internal |
| What does the term relational mobility refer to? | the ease with which a person can move in and out of relationships |
| When answering questions on a personality test, Francisco thinks about other people he knows and compares himself to them. What is Francisco relying on? | reference-group effect |
| Which of the following best describes the findings from Li and colleagues’ (2022) examination of reactions to covid lockdowns? | regions where people were more individualistic were less likely to comply with lockdown orders |
| Individualistic cultures have been associated with higher rates of ____ . | depression and loneliness |
| Cultures of honor are considered subcultures where people must protect themselves rather than rely on formal systems of justice such as law enforcement. Which of the following has research shown regarding cultures of honor? | men in cultures of honor were more likely to react with hostility to protect their reputation |
| According to the Oregon Vocational Interest Scales, which career path fits an individual who finds happiness in helping others? | altruism |
| Which of the Big Five personality dimensions is the best predictor of work performance? | conscientiousness |
| In an occupation in which it is important to voice one’s opinions, the __________ dimension of the Big Five would lead to better performance. | extraversion |
| __________ is useful for jobs requiring creativity but could lead to dissatisfaction and poor performance in jobs comprising routine tasks. | Openness to experience |
| Organizing employee birthday celebrations and coaching the company’s bocce ball team are examples of __________ behavior. | organizational citizenship |
| High __________ and low __________ are personality traits that predict higher pay. | conscientiousness; neuroticism |
| A(n) __________ leader is an individual who changes her or his organization in significant and fundamental ways. | transformational |
| The capacity for a leader to rise in an organization is called __________ leadership. | emergent |
| __________ is especially important for jobs that require face-to-face interactions with others, such as that of being a host in a restaurant. | Agreeableness |
| Among the Big Five personality dimensions, __________ and __________ are not as important in job selection as the other dimensions, primarily because their necessity varies so much from one job to another. | extraversion; openness to experience |
| __________ examines how a child’s early relationships with their parents carry over to that person’s later relationships with adults. | Attachment theory |
| The kind of attachment that develops when a child uses the caregiver as a source of help and comfort, allowing the child to explore the environment, is called the __________. | secure attachment style |
| __________ attachment is an uncertain and clingy style of attachment that often includes a negative view of the self. | Anxious |
| Which type of attachment is associated with being low on both dimensions of anxiety and avoidance? | secure attachment |
| A removed, isolated type of attachment characterizes the __________ attachment style. | avoidant |
| Annika is placed in the Strange Situation. When her mother returns, Annika smiles and looks happy to see her. What kind of attachment style is Annika demonstrating? | secure attachment |
| Charles is placed in the Strange Situation, causing him to weep and wail. When his mother returns, he continues crying and is difficult to comfort. What kind of attachment style is Charles demonstrating? | anxious attachment |
| Virgil is placed in the Strange Situation, causing him to be upset. When his mother returns, Virgil looks away from her and refuses to acknowledge her presence. What kind of attachment style is Virgil demonstrating? | avoidant attachment |
| Martin is committed to his relationships, he trusts his current boyfriend. Martin was upset when his prior relationship ended, but maintained his composure and moved on in his life. It is likely that Martin has developed a(n) __________ attachment style. | secure |
| How is childhood attachment style related to adult behavior? | The way we related to our caregivers in childhood influences how we relate to romantic partners as adults. |
| Rochelle has a habit of falling in love quickly. She spends all her free time with her boyfriend, but when they fight or he’s unavailable, Rochelle thinks the worst and is distraught. It is likely that Rochelle has __________ attachment style. | anxious |
| Which attachment dimension is associated with holding a negative view of others? | avoidance |
| Gabe’s mother, Ann, is a chronic alcoholic. Gabe is difficult to comfort when he is scared. He is clingy. He becomes upset when Ann leaves because he is afraid that she will not come back. These behaviors illustrate __________ attachment. | anxious |
| Arlene has a positive view of others and a positive view of herself. What kind of attachment would she demonstrate? | secure attachment |
| The motivation to incorporate aspects of a partner’s identity into your own identity is a central feature of_____ but may result in _____ as a relationship progresses. | self-expansion; infidelity |
| The ability to understand and feel the experiences that another person is having is known as __________. | empathy |
| While the dark triad is characterized by _____, the positive triad is characterized by _____. | Machiavellianism, narcissism, & psychopathy; empathy, compassion, & self control |
| How are personality disorders defined? | extreme, pervasive, and inflexible patterns that lead to significant impairment |
| T or F: One distinguishing feature of personality disorders is that symptoms are generally present by adolescence, even though they might not be recognized or diagnosed until later in life. | True |
| According to the most comprehensive research, as many as __________ people in the general U.S. population have some form of personality disorder. | 11% |
| Compared to a mentally healthy person, a person with dependent personality disorder typically displays __________. | higher neuroticism, lower extraversion, and higher agreeableness |
| How does the likelihood of a man suffering from narcissistic personality disorder, obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder compare to the likelihood for a woman? | A man is more likely to suffer from these personality disorders. |
| What pattern of personality traits do almost all people with any personality disorder have? | high neuroticism and low agreeableness |
| __________ involves overriding inner responses and regulating behaviors. | Self-control |
| Which strategy is most effective for developing self-control? | Identify one or two areas in need of change and develop routines to meet desired goals in those areas. |
| People high in __________ experience more negative emotions, regardless of whether those emotions are inner-directed or outer-directed. | neuroticism |
| A large longitudinal study found that women high in anxiety were __________ likely to have a heart attack compared to those lower in anxiety. | much more |
| Rose has a personality type that combines high neuroticism and high social inhibition. Which type is it? | Type D |
| Cynthia lets stressful thoughts run over and over in her mind, dwelling on them, examining them, and concentrating on them. What behavior is Cynthia engaging in? | rumination |
| Which personality type is associated with being hardworking, scheduled, and impatient? | Type A |
| A Type A person is __________ likely to have a heart attack than a Type B person. | more |
| What are the defining features of hostility? | feelings of anger and frustration |
| Hostility leads to __________, which in turn damages and inflames arteries, which in turn leads to heart disease. | elevated blood pressure |
| What does the “T” in “Type T personality” stand for? | thrill-seeking |
| Lucille has a thwarted need for power. This will likely lead her to feelings of __________. | stress |
| In the study in which people agreed to be exposed to a cold virus, those who described themselves as happy, cheerful, and lively were ____ to catch a cold compared to pessimists. | less likely |
| Marcella believes that negative events are temporary and specific, rather than lingering and global. What kind of explanatory style is she showing? | optimistic |
| When Stevie meets a new coworker who politely refuses to shake hands, Stevie concludes that this coworker doesn’t like them, even though Stevie didn’t see this coworker shake hands with anyone. Which cognitive distortion is Stevie demonstrating? | arbitrary inference |
| After years of marriage therapy, Zuri’s parents have decided to get a divorce. When Zuri finds out, she blames herself for her parents' separation. Which of Beck’s cognitive distortions is Zuri demonstrating in this scenario? | personalization |
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arden.hunt
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