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13 Colonies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| colony | A group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere. |
| Charter Colony (joint stock) | It was a colony that was owned and maintained by stockholders and whose type of government was chosen by the stockholders. |
| Proprietary Colony | English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment |
| Royal Colony | colony under the direct control of the English crown |
| Southern Colonies | Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia |
| Southern Colonies Geography | fertile soil, slow deep rivers |
| Southern Colonies Economy | Depended on plantations(large farms) producing large amounts of cash crops, especially rice and tobacco. |
| Roanoke | The failed "lost colony" founded by Sir Walter Raleigh |
| Jamestown, Virginia | the first permanent English settlement, founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company for economic reasons |
| John Smith | Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. |
| John Rolfe | Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia |
| Pocahontas | A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive Englis |
| Indentured Servants | Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years |
| Slave Codes | Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights. |
| Virginia House of Burgesses | The first representative assembly in the new world. Created due to distance between Great Britain and the colonies. |
| Bacon's Rebellion | A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land |
| Maryland Toleration Act | Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into th |
| indigo | A plant used to make valuable blue dye cashcrop |
| Tobacco | Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown |
| James Ogelthorpe | Founder of the Georgia Colony |
| New England Colonies | Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire |
| New England Colonies Geography | *Poor, rocky soil *Cooler climate *Short growing season |
| New England Colonies Economy | Based on shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small-scale subsistence farming, and, eventually, manufacturing. |
| Pilgrims | Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. |
| Separatists/Pilgrims | They believed that membership in the Church of England violated the biblical precepts for true Christians, and they had to break away and form independent congregations that adhered more strictly to divine requirements. |
| Mayflower Compact | A legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good |
| Squanto | Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag. |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony | The largest English settlement in New England and the most influential both in the colonization of the region and later developments in what would become the United States of America. First English chartered colony whose board of governors did not reside |
| Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. |
| John Winthrop | Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill" |
| General Court | elected representative assembly in the Massachusetts Bay Colony |
| Town Meetings in New England | Many towns relied upon a New England style of town meetings in which all white, land holding men were allowed to participate in citizen-participation direct democracy. |
| Great Migration of Puritans to Massachusetts, 1630's and 1640's | mass movement of Puritans from England to the New England colonies |
| Roger Williams | started colony of Rhode Island |
| Salem Witch Trials | Several accusations of witchcraft led to trials in Salem, Massachusetts. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake. |
| Ann Hutchinson | A woman who believed that many of the clergy in the Puritan church were not of the elect (except John Cotton and her brother-in-law). Challenges church authority, and champions rights for women in religious affairs, prevents John Winthrop's re-election. |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America. |
| Middle Colonies | New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware |
| Middle Colonies Economy | Based on shipbuilding, small-scale farming, and trade. Breadbasket |
| Middle Colonies Geography | *Longer growing season *More mild climate *fertile soil for farming |
| Patroon | landowner in the Dutch colonies who ruled over large areas of land |
| Peter Stuyvesant | Served as the last Dutch director General of the colony of New Netherland -NY Colony was founded in 1626 by the Duke of York |
| William Penn | settled in Pennsylvania, believed the "Inner Light" could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers |
| Quakers | Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people |
| King Phillip's War (1675-1676) | Series of assaults by Medacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades. |
| Iroquois Confederacy | An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. |
| Mercantilism | belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism. |
| Navigation Acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. |
| Triangle Trade | a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa |
| Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies |
| Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) | wrote about the horrors of the Middle Passage |
| Great Awakening | Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. |
| Jonathan Edwards | Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god |
| French and Indian War | (1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. |
| English Bill of Rights | reduced the powers of the English monarch Parliament gains power |
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