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Scientificrevolution
starting at page 87
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a revolution? | A major change |
| What was the view called where everything revolved around the earth? | Geocentric view |
| What are two reasons everyone believed geocentric view? | The bible says that the sun moves and the church taught that the sun moved around the earth not the other way. Common sense-people saw the sun moving around the earth so obviously that's what happens. |
| What is the scientific revolution? | The replacement of old assumptions with new ideas. Putting old assumptions out and new theories in. |
| What were two things from the renaissance that helped bring about the scientific revolution? | The printing press and humanism |
| How did the printing press bring about the scientific revolution? | I helped get thoughts out into the world quicker and easier. People didn't have to write they could just print and send them out. |
| How did humanism bring about the scientific revolution? | It helped people focus on old scholars and their ideas and they saw that they were wrong so what could present day scholars be wrong about? |
| How did the reformation help bring about the scientific revolution? | There was questioning done by people against the church. Martin Luther successfully questioned the church and showed that it was ok to question them. People began to think about what else the church could be wrong about. |
| How did the age of exploration bring about the scientific revolution? | People saw that there was more out there that wasn't known. If they got stuff wrong about earth then they have stuff wrong about the universe. People needed new technology for ships and paid attention to stars and saw that some things didn't line up. |
| What is the sun centered view called? | Heliocentrism |
| Who was the first person to bring the heliocentric model to light? | Nicolas Copernicus |
| What does Copernicus see about the geocentric view? | He saw that the stars didn't match up with the model/math |
| Why does Copernicus not want to publish his ideas? | He thinks he will be laughed at and ridiculed for being weird or stupid. The church will be angry with him and make threats |
| When and why does Copernicus eventually publish his book? | It is near the end of his life and he is very sick so he knows that he will not have much time left. |
| What is the reaction to Copernicus's book? | No one really cares. Most people think he's crazy and that he has no proof to back it up. No one believes him because he doesn't have any real proof. |
| What is the planet that Copernicus hates? | Mars |
| Why does Copernicus hate mars? | It frustrates him because he doesn't know why it looks like it's moving in a retrograde motion every two years. It looks like it is moving backwards in the sky |
| What is Copernicus's explanation to the retrograde motion? | Epicycles. They're little loops in the orbit that make mars look like it's going backwards. |
| Why is Copernicus associated with the heliocentric model even though he didn't prove it? | He gave the idea validity and brought it into the light. He was an actual scientist so people could now actually look at the idea without people thinking they're crazy. |
| Who is the next person to look at the Heliocentric model? | Tycho Brahe |
| What is Brahe trying to prove and what is his problem? | He is trying to prove Copernicus wrong and his problem is that he has collected too much data to analyze in his life time. |
| What does Tycho Brahe say when he is done analyzing? | He says that Copernicus was not wrong and he was not right. The geocentric model is true but so is the heliocentric model |
| What is Tycho Brahe's new model? | Geocentric-Heliocentric model |
| What does Tycho Brahe's model say? | It says that the center of the universe is Earth and the sun orbits earth BUT all of the other planets orbit the sun |
| Who is the next person to look at Heliocentrism after Brahe? | Johan Kepler Brahe's assistant |
| What is Kepler most known for? | His three planetary laws of motion |
| What was Kepler's first law? | Planets travel in an elliptical orbit. Not perfectly circular, oval-like |
| What was Kepler's 2nd law? | While the planets travel in an elliptical orbit they change speeds. |
| What was Kepler's third law? | The closer to the sun a planet is the faster it travels and the farther away the slower it travels. |
| What did Kepler's laws prove? | That the heliocentric model was right. |
| What were two problems with Kepler's analyzing? | He used very hard, complicated math that was hard to understand for most people. Most people didn't get how he got to his conclusions. Someone wondered why the planets speed up when they're closer to the sun but Kepler doesn't know. |
| Who is the next person to look at Heliocentrism after Kepler? | Galileo Galilei |
| What did Galileo mainly use a lot in his studies? | The telescope |
| What did Galileo observe with the telescope? | Our moon has an uneven surface The sun has dark spots Saturn has moons Venus has phases |
| What did the phases of Venus confirm? | It proved that Copernicus was right, the phases were similar to our moon's phases. Venus and Earth orbit the sun |
| What was Galileo's Newspaper/Newsletter? | Starry Messenger Galileo published all of his findings here |
| How does Galileo try to write his book without upsetting the church? | He asks the church for permission and they say that he can publish his book if he includes both of the models in it. |
| What is Galileo's book called? | The Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems |
| What is Galileo's book about? | It is a conversation between the personified models. |
| Why is the church angry with Galileo? | He personifies the geocentric model as an idiot. He is named simplico/simpleton. This makes the catholic church look stupid |
| What does the church do to Galileo? | They summon him to Rome and he is threatened with torture aka death. |
| What is the paper called the Galileo has to sign and what did it say? | The Recantation. It said that the heliocentric views were just ideas and didn't have any actual evidence to support them. He says his ideas are wrong. This is called the Roman Inquisition |
| Scientific method | |
| Who came up with inductive reasoning? | Francis Bacon |
| What is inductive reasoning? | Starting off with small specific known facts and ending up at a broad conclusion. It looks for probablity and not likelyhood. Does not have to be absolutely certain, just probable. The more data there is the more likely it is to be true. |
| Who came up with deductive reasoning? | Rene Descartes |
| What is deductive reasoning? | Starts with a very broad and vague subject and ends with a very specific conclusion. |
| What is Descartes's famous saying? | "Cogito ergo sum" I think therefore I am |
| What are the two main things that each of the reasonings are focused on? | Deductive is focused on certainty. Inductive is focused on Probability |
| What is the Scientific method? | An ongoing process of inductive and deductive reasoning |
| Who finds out Gravity? | Sir Isaac Newton |
| What is the law of universal gravitation? | Every object attracts every other object and the degree of which depends on mass and distance |
| So why do planets speed up closer to the sun? | The gravitational pull is stronger |
| What makes the planets change speeds? | Oval orbits |
| What was Isaac Newton's book called? | The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy |
| What was Isaac Newton's religion? | He was a deist |
| What did deists believe? | They believed that there was a deity-God, but that he created the world and then stepped back. He doesn't interfere with everyday life. |
| What did Isaac Newton say about the universe and clocks? | He said the universe was like a clock and God made the clock and wound it up and then just let it go. |
| Why didn't Newton believe he was contradicting the church? | He believed that he was getting closer to God by figuring out his universe and how he made it. |
| What does the Scientific revolution make people begin to question? | They start to question the role of humans in the universe. And then people's place in the government... |
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