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Ch. 8 Vocab
from the textbook
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| memory | the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information |
| recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, such as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, such as on a multiple-choice test |
| relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again |
| encoding | the process of getting information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning |
| storage | the process of retaining encoded information over time |
| retrieval | the process of pulling information out of the memory system |
| parallel processing | processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously |
| sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| short-term memory | briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a phone number while calling) that is later stored or forgotten |
| working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory; conscious, active processing of both (1) incoming sensory information and (2) information retrieved from long-term memory |
| long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
| explicit memory | retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and "declare," also called declarative memory |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings |
| implicit memory | retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection, also called nondeclarative memory |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be remembered within 3 or 4 seconds |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information; also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning |
| shallow processing | encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words |
| deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention |
| semantic memory | explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems |
| episodic memory | explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems |
| hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories, such as of facts and events, for storage |
| memory consolidation | the neural storge of a long-term memory |
| flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a nerve cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory |
| priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| encoding specificity principle | the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it |
| mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
| recency effect | our tendency to recall the last item(s) in a list especially quickly and well |
| primacy effect | our tendency to recall best the first item(s) in a list |
| anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories |
| retrograde amnesia | an inability to remember information from one's past |
| proactive interference | the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information |
| retroactive interference | the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| reconsolidation | a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again |
| misinformation effect | occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information |
| source amnesia | faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined; also called source misattribution |
| deja vu | that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before;" cues from the current situation may trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
Created by:
ccons
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