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WH - ch 12

Chapter 12 vocab, pages 316-341

bourgeoisie urban middle class, including merchants, manufacturers, and professionals
Louis XV One of the longest-reigning kings of France; made France go into a great amount of debt with expensive spending habits; people turned against him because of the country's debt
Louis XVI Succeeded Louis XV as king, married Marie-Antoinette; debts continued to grow under his rule, and the French Revolution was said to have began when he failed to respond to the Estates.
Marie-Antoinette Daughter of Austrian empress Maria Theresa, resented by French people because of her connections to Austria and involvement in French politics
émigrés nobles who fled France during the Revolution
departments Administrative districts in France
conservatives Group that does not want to change existing conditions
radicals Persons who want broad changes made in government
moderates Persons who do not hold extreme political views
Olympe de Gouges Parisian playwright who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizenesses, which was rejected because the National Assembly believed that men were equal, but women were not equals of men
universal manhood suffrage Policy that every adult male could vote, whether he owned property or not
conscription Military draft
counterrevolutionary Activities aimed against, or counter to, a revolution, organized by supporters of the Old Regime
coup d'état Seizure of power by force; in French, a "stroke of state"
Georges-Jacques Danton One of the two most powerful Jacobin alongside Maximilien Robespierre
Maximilien Robespierre One of the two most powerful Jacobin alongside Georges-Jacques Danton
Jean-Paul Marat A doctor from Paris who led the radicals of the Jacobins
Reign of Terror A period of time in which the National Convention worked to suppress all opposition and revolts within France, lasting from Sep. 1793 to July 1794
Napoléon Bonaparte A very young military general who stopped an uprising in Paris that would have prevented the creation of the Directory, created vast empire for France, known for military skills and intelligence
Joséphine de Beauharnais a leader of French society, married by Napoléon in a strategical move that won him command of the French army two days after the marriage
plebiscite Procedure used to submit the constitution of a new government to the people for a yes-or-no vote
nationalism Love of one's country rather than of one's native region
scorched-earth policy Tactic of burning or destroying crops and anything else of value to an invading army
Napoléonic Code A system of laws organized by scholars under Napoléon's direction
Concordat An agreement between Napoléon and the pope in 1801, that allowed religious freedom in France while recognizing most of them as Catholic
Horatio Nelson A Vice Admiral of a British fleet in a battle against a combined French and Spanish fleet, who saved Britain from invasion was also unfortunately KIA
Duke of Wellington Before he was this, he was sent by the British to lead the army to help the Spanish and Portuguese to rise up against the French in a war known as the Peninsular War from 1808 to 1814
legitimacy Principle involving restoring former ruling families to their thrones
indemnity Compensation paid to a nation for damage inflicted on it
reaction Period of time during which people in authority want a return to the conditions of an earlier time
reactionaries Extremists who not only oppose change, but also want to undo certain change
liberalism Political movement believing in representative government protecting individual rights and the rule of law; also refers to the movements to reform government
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord The representative of France, played an important role in foreign relations.
Prince Metternich Prince of Austria; influenced European politics so strongly that that period was named after him; believed in absolute monarchy and was a reactionary
Created by: BurkeNHI
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