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Sensation&Perception
Modules 16-19
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation | Process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
| Bottom-up processing | Analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information Ex. Flower: enables sensory systems to detect lines, angles, and colors that form the flower and the leaves |
| Sensory receptors | Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli |
| perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
| top-down processing | information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations Ex.Flower: interpret what our senses detect |
| Selective Attention | Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
| Cocktail Party effect | Example of selective attention - your ability to attend to one voice among a sea of other voices |
| Selective Inattention | Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| In-attentional Blindness | As soon as I selectively attend, I will miss other components |
| change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness |
| choice blindness | difficulty to detect discrepancies between a choice and its outcome and a tendency to justify choices which were never made. |
| change deafness | perceptual phenomenon that occurs when, under certain circumstances, a physical change in auditory stimulus goes unnoticed by the listener |
| pop-out phenomenon | faster recognition/awareness of a unique stimulus that grabs the attention of an individual in comparison to similar outstanding stimuli |
| receive... | sensory stimulation, often using specialized receptor cells |
| transform... | That stimulation into neural impulses |
| deliver.... | the neural information to our brain |
| Transduction | conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret |
| Psychophysics | the study if relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them |
| Gustav Fechner and Absolute threshold | German scientist and philosopher studied the edge of our awareness of these faint stimuli, which he called their absolute thresholds. Absolute Threshold - the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
| Absolute threshold example | to detect abs threshold for noise, hearing specialists would send tones at varying levels into each ear-results show points for any sound frequency, half the time you could detect the sound and half the time you couldn't, 50-50 point defines abs.threshold |
| Signal detection | a theory predicting when/how we detect the presence of a faint stimulus(signal) and background stimulation(noise). Assume there is no single abs.threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectation, motivation, and alertness |
| Subliminal | below one's abs. threshold for conscious awareness (stimuli you cannot consciously detect 50% of the time) |
| difference threshold | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (jnd). (minimum stimulus difference a person can detect half the time) |
| priming | something to get you ready for an association |
| ernst Webers law | the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage(rather than a constant amount) |
| sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
| perceptual set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
| context and interpretation | recalling our own perception in different contexts(ex. imagine hearing a noise interrupted by the words "eel is on the wagon"you would hear the word "wheel."context creates an expectation that influences our perception of a perviously heard phrase) |
| motivation and interpretation | motives gives us energy as we work toward a goal. (ex. A to be climbed hill can seem steeper when we are carrying a heavy backpack, and a walking destination can seem further when we are tired) |
| emotion interpretation | emotions can shove our perceptions in one direction or another(ex. hearing sad music can predispose people to perceive a sad meaning in spoken homophonic words - mourning rather than morning) |
| extrasensory perception | the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from our sensory input, includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition |
| parapsychology | the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis |
| wavelength | distance from one light or sound wave peak to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission |
| wavelengths determine____ or the color of something | hue's |
| intensity or Amplitude | the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave... the amplitude helps determine brightness(color) or loudness(sound) |
| cornea | eye's clear protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris |
| pupil | an adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
| iris | a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening |
| lens | the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
| retina(where transduction happens) | light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information |
| accommodation | in sensation and perception, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
| rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond |
| cones | retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. cones detect fine details and give rise4 to color sensations |
| bipolar and ganglion cells | bipolar cells transfer visual information to ganglion cells in the retina. because of these cells we are able to see things from eyes |
| optic nerve | the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| blind spot | the point of which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind spot" because no receptor cells are located there. |
| fovea | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster |
| thalamus in relation to vision | after processing by bipolar and ganglion cells in the eyes retina, neural impulses travel through the optic nerve to the thalamus and on to the visual cortex |
| cortex abde lobe in relation to vision | visual cortex located in the occipital lobe |
| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | proposed that the retina contains three types of color receptors. Contemporary research has found three types of cones, each most sensitive to the wavelengths of one of the three primary colors of light (red, green, and blue) |
| opponent-process theory | the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example some cells ares stimulated by green and inhibited by red others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green |
| David huber and Torsten Wiesel feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stiumuls, such as shape, angle, or movement |
| face recognition processing hemisphere+lobe | right hemisphere temoral lobe |
| parallel processing | processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions |
| gestalt | an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate piece4s of information processing for many functions |
| figure-ground | the organizational concept of the visual fields into objects(the figures) that stand out from their surroundings(the ground) |
| grouping | the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups |
| proximity | we group nearby figures together. |
| continuity | we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. |
| closure | we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object |
| similarity | |
| connectedness | |
| depth perception | the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance |
| visual cliff and research | a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young orphans |
| binocular cue | depends on the use of two eyes |
| convergence | inward angle of the eyes focusing on near objects |
| retinal disparity | a binocular cue for perceiving depth. by comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance the greater the disparity between the two images the closer the object |
| monocular tue | a depth cue available to either one eye alone |
| relative height | perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away |
| relative size | if we assume two objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away |
| interposition | if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer |
| relative motion | as we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move |
| linear perspective | parallel lines appear to meet in the distance. the sharper the angle of convergence the greater the perceived distance |
| light and shadow | shading procduces a sense of depth consistent with our assumptions that light comes from above. I you invert this illusion, the hollow will become the hill |
| perceptual constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, shape, and size) even illumination and retinol images change |
| color constancy | perceiving familiar objects as having a consistent color, even if changing illumination changes/ alters the wavelengths reflected by the object |
| brightness/lightness constancy | similarity depends on context. we perceive an object as having a constant brightness even as its illumination varies |
| relative luminance | the amount of light an object reflect relative to its surroundings |
| shape constancy | we perceive the form of familiar objects as constant even while our retinas receive changing images of them |
| sizse constancy | we perceive an object as having an unchanging rise even while our distance from it varies ex. we assume that a car is large enough ti carry people even when we. see its tiny image from two blocks away |
| muller-lyer Illusion | two lines of the same length appear to be of different lengths |
| critical period | an optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences is required |
| perceptual adaptation | the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. |
Created by:
Caitlyncarnell
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