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Psych Vocab 2
Biological Bases of Behavior Vocab (Modules 3 + 4)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Action potential | tiny electric currents that are generated when positive ions rush into the axon; increase of sodium ions causes inside of axon to reverse charge; inside becomes positive when outside becomes negative |
| Alzheimer's disease | irreversible; progressive brain disease that slowly destroys individual's memory and thought process |
| Axon | single, threadlike structure that extends from and carries signals away from cell body to other neurons, organs , or muscles |
| Axon membrane | chemical gates that open for electrically charged particles to enter or close to keep out electrically charged particles |
| Basal ganglia | group of structures in the center of the brain that are involved in regulating movement |
| Cell body | (soma) egg-shaped structure that provides fuel, manufactures chemicals, maintains neuron's entire order |
| Central nervous system | neutrons located in the brain and spinal cord |
| Dendrites | branchlike extensions from cell body; receive signals from other neurons, muscles sense organs and pass the signals to the cell body |
| Dopamine | excitatory neurotransmitter that affects neurons involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, emotions, sleep, motivation, and reward |
| Endorphins | chemicals produces by brain; secreted in response to injuring or severe physical or psychological stress |
| Glial cell | three well-established functions: provides scaffolding to growth of neurons and supports mature neurons; wraps around neurons to form insulation to prevent interference from other electrical signals; releases chemicals influence neuron growth and function |
| Myelin sheath | separate tubelike segments made of fatty material that wraps around/insulates axon; prevents interference in electrical signals and helps them travel in the axon |
| Nerve | stringlike bundles of axons/dendrites extending from spinal cord; carries information from sense, muscles, body organs to and from spinal cord; nerves in peripheral NS able to regrow and reattach when damaged |
| Neurogenesis | process of developing new neurons |
| Neuron | brain cell with two specialized extensions, one for receiving signals, one for transmitting signals |
| Neuroscience | interdisciplinary field of scientific study that examines structure and function of all part of nervous system including brain, spinal cord, networks of brain cells |
| Peripheral nervous system | made of nerves which are located throughout the body except for brain and spinal cord |
| Phantom limb | feelings and sensation from limb that's been removed/amputated; sensations/movement are vivid, as if limb is still there |
| Reflex | unlearned, involuntary reaction to some stimuli; neural connections/network is prewired by genetic instructions |
| Reuptake | processes through which some neurotransmitters ,like dopamine, are removed from synapse by being transported back into end bulbs |
| Serotonin | inhibitory neurotransmitter that affects neurons involved in mood, sleep, appetite, and pain suppression |
| Synapse | indefinitely small space that exists between end bulbs and adjacent body organs, muscle, or cell bodies |
| Neurotransmitter | dozens of chemicals that are made by neurons and used for communication between neurons during mental'physical activities |
| Amygdala | tip of temporal lobe; receives input from all senses; major oles in evaluating stimuli and facial expression, especially fear, distress, threat |
| Auditory association area | below primary auditory cortex, transforms basic sensory info (noise, sounds) into recognizable auditory information (words, music) |
| Autonomic nervous system | regulates heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, digestion, hormone secretions, other; functions without conscious effort, only few can be controlled voluntarily (breathing) |
| Broca's aphasia | result of damage in Broca's area: person cannot speak in fluent sentences but can understand written and spoken word |
| Broca's area | locates in left, frontal lobe that's necessary to combine sounds into words and words into sentences |
| Central nervous system | brian and spinal cord; bottom of brain emerges spinal cord (made up of neurons and bundles of axons/dendrites that carry info back and forth between brain and body) |
| Cerebellum | very back, under brain; coordinates movement, but not initiating voluntary movements. Involved in performing timed motor responses and autonomic/reflective learning |
| Cortex | surface of brain; thin layer of cells that cover surface of forebrain; majority of neurons in the cortex (wrinkles make sure to cover large surface area) |
| EEG | electroencephalograph; putes electrodes on scalp, which measure changes in electrical voltages at points along scalp that provides information about brain activity |
| Endocrine system | made up of numerous glands located throughout the body; glands secrete hormones that affect muscles, organs, and other glands |
| Fight-flight response | state of increased physiological arousal casued by activation of sympathetic division, helps body cope and survive threatening situations |
| fMRI scan | brain scan that measures the activity of specific neurons that are functioning during cognitive tasks like thinking, listening, reading |
| Forebrain | largest part,; hemispheres responsible for learning/memory, speaking/language, emotional response, experiencing sensations, initiating voluntary movement, planning, decision making |
| Frontal lobe | involved with personality, emotions, motor behaviors, involuntary movements, behavior in social situations, making decisions, executive functions like planning, decisions, reasoning, etc. |
| Hindbrian | found in primitive brains, have been constant for years; contain the pons, medulla, cerebellum |
| Hippocampus | curved in temporal lobe; saving memories int various parts of brain |
| Hormones | chemicals that glands secrete that affects muscles organs, and other glands |
| Hypothalamus | regulates motivational behaviors; arousing body in fight or flight; secretes hormones during puberty |
| Left Hemisphere | verbal: good at all language abilities; mathematical: good at all math problems (right hem can only do simple); analytic: analyzes each part of whole; recognizing self: conscious understanding of one's self distinct from others |
| Limbic System | group of dozen interconnected structures that make up core of forebrain; involved with motivation behaviors (food, drink, sex); organizes emotional behaviors like fear, anger, aggression; involved with storing memories |
| Medulla | top of spinal cord; cells that control vital reflexes: respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing (unconscious) |
| Midbrain | reward/pleasure center; areas of visual/auditory reflexes (moving head towards sound); contains reticular formation, which arouses forebrain so it can process information |
| Motor cortex | involved in initiation of all voluntary movements; right motor cortex controls left muscles, vice versa |
| Occipital lobe | involved with processing visual information; includes seeing colors, perceiving/recognizing objects, animals, people |
| Parietal lobe | involved with perception and sensory experiences |
| Peripheral nervous system | includes all nerves that extend from spinal cord and carries messages to muscles, glands, and sense organs located throughout body |
| Pituitary gland | key component of endocrine system, directly below hypothalamus; connected to hypothalamus by narrow stalk; divided into anterior and posterior sections |
| Pons | bridge to transmit messages between spinal cord and brain; makes chemicals for sleep |
| Right hemisphere | nonverbal: understands simple sentences and reads simple words; spatial: solves spatial problems (like geometric holes and blocks); holistic: processes info by making parts into whole; recognizing others: can recognize other faces but not own |
| Somatic nervous system | network of nerves connected to either sensory receptors or muscles that you move voluntarily (limbs, back neck, chest); nerves in system contain afferent/sensory fibers (carry info from sensory receptors) or efferent/motor fibers,info from brain to muscle |
| Somatosensory cortex | processes sensory info about touch, location of limbs, paon, temperature; right cortex receives left, etc. |
| Temporal lobe | involved with hearing/speaking; involved with understanding verbals and written material |
| Thalamus | receives sensory information, initial processing, relays sensory information to areas of cortex (somatosensory cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary visual cortex) |
Created by:
issa.marudo
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