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World History Exam 2
Jensen 2022 world history exam 2 study set
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Roman Bishop (Leo I) claims supremacy over other bishops | c. 440 |
| Restoration of Icons in the Eastern Church | 843 |
| “Great Schism” (East-West) begins (ends 1965) | 1054 |
| Constantinople attacked as part of the Fourth Crusade | 1204 |
| Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks | 1453 |
| Canonization | The RCC, the definitive sentence by which the pope declares a particular dead person to have already entered into heavenly glory & ordains for the new “saint” a public cult throughout the Church |
| Ottoman Empire | Muslim empire of the Turks established in northern Asia Minor by ultimately capture Constantinople in 145 |
| Seljuk | Turkish dynasty that ruled parts of Asia Minor |
| BYZANTIUM – CONSTANTINOPLE – ISTANBUL | presently known as Istanbul, Turkey |
| Advantage of Constantinople’s site | it was strategically located for commercial & political influence |
| Expansion | reign of Justinian |
| Peril the iconoclastic controversy icons were | religious images used to foster worship – flat pictures, mosaics |
| clasts (people) tried to | destroy all icons |
| the veneration of icons was allowed and they remain a part of | Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Recovery for Byzantium | experienced a “Golden Age" |
| Disintegration -Byzantine Empire began to fall apart: | lost at Manzikert to Muslim Seljuk Turks |
| Reasons for the byzantine empire's endurance opposed to a barter economy | it possessed a money economy and advanced military science |
| “Greek fire” | which worked like napalm (a fire bomb or flame thrower) |
| The Byzantine Empire was a | centralized administration – it enhanced unity and stability |
| Theological authority in the three main branches of Christianity: | Orthodox, RCC, Protestantism |
| the Orthodox (Greek/Eastern) | The internal witness of the promised Holy Spirit keeps the truth |
| The RCC asserts spiritual authority in | tradition, the pope, & the Scriptures |
| Protestantism asserts that spiritual authority rests in | the inerrant Word of God (sola scriptura) |
| Theological: Orthodox theology emphasizes sanctification | with justification being virtually absent |
| barbarian invasions brought an upsurge | in the Papacy’s rise/position/authority |
| The Pope’s claim of supreme authority is also based on these factors which slowly coalesced | Petrine Theory, Apostolic succession |
| Petrine Theory | the RCC insists that Christ gave to Peter a special rank as the 1st Bishop of Rome & leader of the apostles – Peter was the first pope & all subsequent popes inherited his authority |
| Apostolic succession | bishops tracing a direct line of authority through the Apostles back to Christ |
| Other aspects of the Pope | Papacy (office) Holy See Pontiff |
| Pope legend | The NT has no mention of Peter serving as Bishop of Rome c. 30-67 |
| Pontiff | term used interchangeably |
| when the pope speaks “Ex-cathedra” (from the chair) | It is viewed by the RCC as possessing divine authority equal to that of God in Scripture – infallible |
| The Medieval World | more commonly termed “Middle Ages” |
| The Roman Catholic Church (RCC) | functioned as the “social cement” of the Middle Ages - it performed many of the record-keeping, judicial, & welfare functions modern |
| Patrick | "evangelized” Ireland early in the 5th century – facts confused by legend – he |
| Clovis | King of the Franks |
| Spain fell under the rule of | the Arian Visigoths |
| King Recared officially | proclaimed the conversion of the people to Catholicism |
| Greregory I, aka | Gregory the Great acted as ruler of Rome and took measures to promote clerical celibacy |
| Gregory I affirmed | the existence of a place of purification and thus gave impetus to the development of the doctrine of purgatory |
| Purgatory | a place or state in which are detained the souls of those who die in grace, in friendship with God, but with the blemish of venial sin or with temporal debt for sin unpaid..." |
| Sacraments | An efficacious sign of grace |
| The seven sacraments (6 of the 7) | Baptism, Holy Eucharist, Penance or confession, Confirmation, Holy Orders, Extreme Unction |
| Baptism | washes away the stain of Adam’s original sin – unites person with RCC |
| Holy Eucharist | heart of the Mass worship service transubstantiation (Def: at the priest’s words, the elements actually become the body and blood of Christ – he |
| Penance or confession | Priest privately listens to a person confessing sins which are then forgiven – the forgiven sinner is assigned some prayers to say or works to be done as penance |
| Confirmation | faith publicly affirmed Holy Spirit received |
| Holy Orders or ordination | Priests are sanctioned for their work by a bishop |
| Extreme Unction | "Last Rites” given by a priest to someone near death for forgiveness of sins |
| Saints | RCC, some may have become canonized “saints” |
| Relic | a religious object associated with a religious leader, or the body part of such |
| c. 570 – 632 | Life of Muhammad |
| 622 | The Hegira (Hijra) – year 1 of the Islamic calendar |
| beginning of the division leading to Sunni & Shiah Muslim sects | 632 – 661 |
| There are roughly over __ Muslims worldwide (c. 4 the population of the U.S.) | 1 billion |
| Islam means | "Submission” |
| The birth of Islam is geographically located in | Arabian Peninsula (largely desert) |
| Islam is not a | united, monolithic entity |
| Large Muslim communities are in | 10/40 window |
| since the death of Muhammad | the traditions of the Hadith, the Sunnah, & the Shariah have emerged to guide the community (3 def. below adapted: |
| Hadith | report(s) of the words & deeds of Muhammad and other early Muslims |
| Sunnah | (may appear as Sunna) – established custom typically based on Muhammad’s example |
| Shariah | it is ideal Islamic law |
| Islam’s split | began with disagreement over Muhammad’s successor |
| Sunnis | - the majority party in Islam - upheld the principle that the caliph (leader) owned his position to the consent of the Islamic community |
| Shiah (aka Shiites) – | - believed only Muhammad’s descendants/kinsmen could lead - identified with Muhammad’s cousin/son-in-law Ali (4th Caliph) – saw Ali as possessing a spiritual endowment directly from Muhammad |
| Kabba | Shrine in Mecca |
| Muhammad | - obtains enough capital to become independently wealthy - involved in caravan trade |
| according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad has a vision of | Angel Gabriel telling him he is the “Messenger of God |
| Muhammad travels | - the journey is known as the Hegira (or Hijra) - becomes the starting year for the Muslim calendar |
| Muhammad march on Mecca, | destroys the pagan idols in the Kabba & rededicates the shrine to Islam |
| Abu Bakr | the first caliph - he essentially launches wars that will dramatically expand the Islamic world. |
| The Caliph | (successor) was the leader of the Muslim community |
| Umayyad (Omayyad) Muslim dynasty | Ali (4th Caliph) is challenged by the Syrian governor Muawiya – Ali was eventually killed - his rival seized power the caliphate (territory controlled by the caliph) remained in the hands of Muawiya’s family & became known as the Umayyads |
| Abbasid Muslim Dynasty | They moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad, |
| Mongols | invaded Muslim lands -Mongols converted to Islam (some) |
| Quran means | "recite" |
| reciting of the revelations to Muhammad: Muslims view it as | the final revelation from God (given by the Angel Gabriel to Muhammad) & as the revealed will of God which corrects/supersedes other revelations |
| codified | after Muhammad’s death |
| Jihad | meaning “struggle” - it encompasses two types (or senses) – a greater and a lesser: |
| Greater meaning | individual battle against sin |
| Lesser meaning | a holy war |
| Other Muslim beliefs: | - there will be variances given the social/legal climate - males can marry up to 4 wives (po |
| Muslim view of Jesus Christ: | - He did not die on the cross – He was protected from crucifixion – a substitute took His place |
| The Middle Ages or Medieval Period (broken Early, High, Late) | 500 – 1500 |
| Charles Martel defeats Muslim forces at Tours (end of N. expansion) | 732 |
| Charlemagne crowned emperor by the pope (Christmas Day) | 800 |
| The era of the Crusades | 1095 – 1291 |
| Fourth Lateran Council affirms Transubstantiation | 1215 |
| Christendom | church & state fused together |
| Curia | became the “College of Cardinals” – created to select a pope up |
| Primogeniture | the right of an eldest son to succeed to the estate of his father at the exclusion of all his siblings |
| Simony | the buying & selling of spiritual or Church benefits |
| Franks | Germanic peoples with a kingdom located in modern France & Germany) |
| Charles Martel | a “the Hammer" served as Mayor of the Palace defeated an Islamic army near Tours |
| Pepin the Great | the pope territory in central Italy became known as the “Papal States” |
| Charlemagne Empire | - established his rule over much of the former Roman Empire in Europe - enlisted missi dominici (traveling inspectors) |
| Coronation | Rome, Christmas Day 800 during mass, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne |
| Charlemagne took the | notion of church-state cooperation by attaching it to Europe, he bequeathed (handed down/passed on) “Christendom” to generations |
| the Carolingian Renaissance | Charlemagne |
| From the 8th to 11th centuries, Europe was attacked/invaded by | Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars |
| Vikings (Norsemen) | Made their home Scandinavia (def. Norway, Sweden, Denmark) visited North America |
| the vikings terrorized | coastal European peoples |
| Magyars | - early 900s they terrorized Europe - halted by Otto I, they integrated into mainstream European culture |
| The term Knight may describe | any nobleman who took up arms |
| feudalism emerged that provided for | law/order & economic livelihood at the local level – localism will dominate |
| feudalism | political relationship |
| Lord | a grant of land (fief) to the vassal |
| Vassal | fief he received |
| Manorialism | economic relationship serfs lived on the lord's manor |
| Holy Roman Empire was centered in the | German state & northern Italy |
| Otto I | emerged as the strongest power in Europe |
| William the Conqueror was the | Duke of Normandy became King of England |
| William defeated his rival at the | Battle of Hastings |
| William is not | Holy Roman Emperor – he is a ruler in France & England (after his victory) |
| Countering decline, a movement began | at the monastery of Cluny (E. France) – Cluniac reform: |
| Conflict: The Investiture Struggle | the concepts of Simony & Primogeniture are related to investiture |
| power struggle between | Pope Gregory VII vs. German King Henry IV |
| under pressure (rebellion from nobles), Henry submits: | - at Canossa - prestige gain for pope, loss for king |
| Pope Urban II convened the | Council of Clermont |
| Pope Urban | - called on Christendom to unite to protect the Holy Sepulchre from further Muslim attack - Crusaders were motivated by the desire to earn salvation |
| Crusades (3 things) | 1. Destroyed villages & committed anti-semitic atrocities 2. Undertaken after Muslim leader Saldin took Jerusalem 3. Crusaders attacked Constantinople |
| Results of the Crusades | Promoted the rise of towns and trade increased conflict between Eastern and Western churches |
| What is an indulgence? | “An indulgence is partial or plenary according as it removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin.” |
| Medieval papal methods of “discipline” - Interdict | - closed churches in a geographical area & forbade celebrating mass & other sacraments - it was designed to cause such an uproar from the masses, who would fear for their salvation, that the ruler would have to submit |
| The Inquistion | an ecclesiastical (church) court for the persecution of heresy |
| Friars (Latin) | for brother |
| Dominican | develop aspects of the present system of theology for the RCC |
| Franciscan | founded by Francis of Assisi in Italy (1182-1226) missionary work in the New World – California Missions |
| Pope Innocent III | likely the most powerful pope claimed authority to rule the whole world |
| King John | collected dues illegally, thus the barons (nobles) revolted & a civil war |
| The Magna Carta | the idea (implied) that law is above the king |
| Papal bull Unam Sanctam asserted: | there was no salvation outside of the RCC |
| Development in Medieval life | - Merchant golds were designed to regulate commerce - craft guilds regulated professions |
| scholasticism | the name given to a theology that developed in “schools” |
| "scholastics” | sought to demonstrate through deductive logic what they knew to be true by faith |
| Thomas Aquinas | The greatest of the scholastics was the Dominican |
| Hundred Years’ War between England & France | 1137-1453 |
| Black Death (The Plague) devastates Europe (first main wave) | 1347-1352 |
| The Renaissance (using a broad time span) | 1350-1600 |
| The Great Western Schism | 1378-1417 |
| Movable metal type used in printing – Johann Gutenberg | 1440s |
| Spanish Inquisition | organized under the RC monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella to combat heresy |
| Spanish Inquisition methods included | torture, confiscation, and burning |
| Black Death was a... (2 points) | 1) a combination of bubonic and pneumonic plagues 2) a major European point of entry was through the shipping ports of Sicily |
| The plague was | episodic |
| Cause of the Black Death | a bacterium unscientific medieval Europeans had no true idea what was causing the carnage |
| manifested itself in different forms | 1.Bubonic 2. Pneumonic |
| Transmission to humans - bubonic: | rats disembark and carry fleas |
| Transmission to humans - pneumonic | by coughing or sneezing |
| responses to the Black Death | flagellants sought a purging by flogging themselves |
| in some respects the Black Death may have | weakened the RCC and paved the way for reformation |
| Avignon Papacy | Bishop of Rome (Pope) moves from Rome to Avignon, France – under the control of French kings |
| RCC Developments: | Patronage Pluralism Absenteeism |
| The Great Western Schism | Pope Clement took up arms against Pope Urban & attacked Rome; being repulsed, Clement fled to Avignon - one pope in Rome, one in Avignon |
| The Conciliar Movement | the notion that a universal council, representing the entire church, had more authority than the pope |
| The Pisa Council | Cardinals then selected a new pope |
| The Pisa Council problem | the two other popes refused to accept the decision of the council & now there were three popes (a Roman pope, an Avignon pope, & a Conciliar pope) |
| Council of Constance | two of the competing popes were deposed or "resigned" |
| The Conciliar Movement eventually ended the | multi-pope dilemma |
| John Wycliffe | translated the first English Bible |
| John Huss | Prague professor charged with heresy, tried, convicted, and burned at the stake |
| who won the Hundred Years' War | france "wins" |
| Joan of Arc | the English burned her at the stake – she was abandoned to her fate by the French king eventually canonized a RC saint (1920) |
| results of the Hundred Years’ War | There was increased nationalism – the war established England & France as clearly distinct nations |
| The war of the roses | Henry Tudor won the war - Arthur died |
| In Spain, Ferdinand married | Isabella |
| The Spanish “Catholic Sovereigns” (Ferd. & Isabella) | completed” the Reconquista (re-conquest) that a "crusade" designed to oust Muslims who had invaded Spain (711) & by 75 |
| In Germany, the “electors” | princes of the Holy Roman Empire who hold the right to elect the Holy Roman Emperor, aka the German king) possessed considerable independence within their domains |
| Renaissance is a French word meaning | “rebirth” |
| Renaissance moved across | the Alps |
| Renaissance moved across the Alpsoving north, it became known as the | Northern Renaissance |
| The High Renaissance | time when artistic work reached a "peak" of perfection |
| Humanism | - a term with multiple dimensions - cultural movement that emphasized rediscovery of ancient Greek & Roman ideas/values |
| Secularism | the renaissance era tended to emphasize secular concerns, it did not seek to fully exclude God |
| Individualism | a school of thought emphasizing the importance of the individual |
| The Renaissance began in northern Italy | Italian leaders posted (disposable income) for patronage (sponsorship) of the arts |
| florence (aka Firenze) | is best identified as the cultural center or "heart" of renaissance life |
| Johann Gutenberg | - "Invented" moveable metal type - fashioned single letters and words out of metal these could be combined in trays to form words or sentences |
| Cosimo de Medici | ruled Florence - the de medici family made money through banking |
| Leonardo de Vinci | a true "renaissance Man" (Multi-talented) |
| Girolamo Savonarla | preached against papal immorality |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch scholar refers to as the "prince of Humanists" |
| Niccolò Machiavelli | wrote "The Prince" The emphasis is on what is effective over what is ethical |
| Michelangelo Buonarroti | the sistine chapel ceiling |
| Raphael notable work | School of Athens |
| William Shakespeare | provide a study on human personality |
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